SIST EN 14437:2023

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 14437:2005
Ugotavljanje dvižne odpornosti vgrajenih opečnih ali betonskih strešnikov -
Preskusna metoda
Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles for roofing - Roof
system test method
Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen -
Prüfverfahren für Dachsysteme
Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton
mises en oeuvre sur la toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 14437:2022
ICS:
91.060.20 Strehe Roofs
91.100.25 Gradbeni izdelki iz terakote Terracotta building products
91.100.30 Beton in betonski izdelki Concrete and concrete
products
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 14437
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 91.060.20 Supersedes EN 14437:2004
English Version
Determination of the uplift resistance of installed clay or
concrete tiles for roofing - Roof system test method
Détermination de la résistance au soulèvement des Bestimmung des Abhebewiderstandes von verlegten
tuiles en terre cuite ou en béton mises en œuvre sur la Dachziegeln oder Dachsteinen - Prüfverfahren für
toiture - Méthode d'essai par système de toiture Dachsysteme
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 August 2022.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 14437:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 6
5 Sampling . 6
6 Test conditions . 6
7 Test material . 6
8 Apparatus . 6
8.1 Test rig . 6
8.2 Cables . 7
8.3 Force measuring device . 7
8.4 Monitoring device for displacement of the roofing tiles . 7
8.5 Measuring device for weight . 7
9 Test procedure . 7
9.1 Measurement of the weight . 7
9.2 Installation of battens, roofing tiles and fixings . 7
9.3 Determination of the location of the forces on the test roof . 8
9.4 Measurement of the uplift resistance . 9
9.4.1 Calibration of the test equipment . 9
9.4.2 Eliminate the effect of the load bars and cables . 9
9.4.3 Trial test . 9
9.4.4 Test series . 9
9.4.5 Application of the force . 9
9.4.6 Determining the maximum uplift resistance . 10
10 Test report . 11
Annex A (informative) Example of test rig . 13
Annex B (normative) Specification of the arrangements of the tiles on the test rig and the
arrangement of the tiles to be loaded . 14
Annex C (informative) Examples of fixing patterns to be tested . 17
Annex D (informative) Calculation of uplift resistance . 23
Annex E (informative) Calculation of the uplift resistance of clay or concrete tiles for roofing
at various roof pitches, for a tested configuration . 28
Annex F (informative) Example of roof tiles for which the test method is not applicable . 32
Annex G (informative) Test rig commissioning and periodic calibrations . 33
Bibliography . 34

European foreword
This document (EN 14437:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 128 “Roof covering
products for discontinuous laying and products for wall cladding”, the secretariat of which is held by NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2023, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14437:2004.
In comparison with the previous edition, the following technical modifications have been made: the test
method has not changed, but the interpretation of the results includes the introduction of serviceability
and ultimate failure loads in accordance with Eurocode EN 1990.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
This document gives a test method and failure criteria for determining the uplift resistance of clay or
concrete tiles for roofing.
The results of this test may be used to determine the uplift force which can be withstood by the fixing,
e.g. to withstand wind force.
1 Scope
This document specifies a test method to establish the uplift resistance of installed clay or concrete tiles
for roofing, complying with the relevant product standard, EN 490 or EN 1304, which are unfixed or
mechanically fixed to the substructure.
NOTE The test method has been developed for clay or concrete tiles for roofing, but can apply to other
discontinuously laid small elements, such as: slates; fibre cement slates; stones; and, adapted accordingly, to
photovoltaic and solar thermal panels.
The test method is applicable to mechanical fixings such as clips, hooks, screws and nails.
The method is not applicable to fixed tiles having fixing patterns with less than every third tile fixed.
The test method is not applicable to under and over tiles. Examples of these tiles are given in Annex F.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/ui
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
discontinuously laid small elements
elements to be used for roof covering and wall cladding which are installed as separate elements and
collectively form the roof covering
3.2
roof pitch
angle of elevation in degrees of the rafter from the horizontal
3.3
characteristic value
adopted value derived from a prescribed statistical analysis of a number of test results
3.4
roof system
system that comprises the structure of the battens, mechanical fixings (clips, hooks, nails and screws) as
well as the clay and concrete tiles and fittings laid according to their laying specification
3.5
ultimate limit states
states associated with collapse or with other similar forms of structural failure
Note 1 to entry: They generally correspond to the maximum load-carrying resistance of a structure or structural
member.
[SOURCE: EN 1990]
3.6
serviceability limit states
states that correspond to conditions beyond which specified service requirements for a structure or
structural member are no longer met
[SOURCE: EN 1990]
4 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviations apply.
d the maximum permissible displacement;
max
F force exerted on 16 tiles when one of the failure modes a, b, c, d, or e (9.4.6) occur during a trial
t
test;
L the hanging length of the tile;
h
R uplift resistance of 16 tiles in test i;
i
W mean weight of a roofing tile.
i
Additional symbols and abbreviations are used in the annexes and they are listed and defined at the point
of use.
5 Sampling
The tiles, battens and fixings selected shall be representative of the system to be used.
In selecting the number of elements, refer to Clause 7 and Clause 9, taking into consideration the number
of fixing patterns.
The specification of the battens can include a reference to a national code of practice.
6 Test conditions
Unless otherwise specified, the roofing tiles, fixings, battens and the test frame shall be conditioned for
at least 24 h in an environment of (20 ± 10) °C, and (55 ± 25) % relative humidity, prior to the test. The
manner of storage shall not interfere with the free exchange of moisture from or into the materials. The
test shall be conducted in the same conditions as the storage.
7 Test material
The test materials shall be randomly chosen from the samples.
8 Apparatus
8.1 Test rig
The test rig consists of a roof structure and auxiliary equipment to exert a force on the clay or concrete
tiles for roofing. The roof structure shall have a roof pitch of (45 ± 2)°.
The test rig shall be able to exert a nominally equal uplift force on 16 roofing tiles from a minimum
distance of 0,9 m to the surface of the roof covering and at an angle of (90 ± 2)° to the roof structure, at
the start of the test.
The test rig shall have sufficient capacity and stiffness for the test as not to influence the test result. The
test rig shall be capable of applying an uplift force at a rate of not more than 50 N/s.
NOTE Annex A includes an example test rig meeting the specification.
8.2 Cables
The uplift force shall be exerted by using a cable. The cable shall be flexible where the force is attached to
the tile, such that it minimizes any overturning moment on the connection point, where the force is
applied.
8.3 Force measuring device
A calibrated force measuring device shall be used to determine the total uplift force on the 16 roofing
tiles (refer to 9.3), having a maximum permissible error in combination with the reading equipment of
1 % of the measured value or 10 N, whichever is larger.
8.4 Monitoring device for displacement of the roofing tiles
A calibrated displacement monitoring device shall be used to determine the displacement of the roofing
tiles and shall have a maximum permissible error of 0,5 mm. The displacement monitoring device shall
not exert forces larger than 1 % of the uplift force measured on the 16 roofing tiles.
NOTE 1 This can be achieved by rigidly attaching a small flat plate to the measuring head, such that it always
contacts the highest point on the roofing tile.
NOTE 2 If serviceability failure occurs before ultimate failure, the monitoring device can be removed to protect
it from damage when ultimate failure occurs.
8.5 Measuring device for weight
A calibrated weighing device shall be used to determine the weight of roofing tiles with a maximum
permissible error of 1 % of the measured value.
9 Test procedure
9.1 Measurement of the weight
Determine the mean tile weight W by measuring at least 10 roofing tiles, after the conditioning described
i
in Clause 6.
9.2 Installation of battens, roofing tiles and fixings
The battens shall be fixed to the test rig in a manner that does not influence the test result.
The roofing tiles shall be installed on the battens in the layout intended to be tested. The overlap of the
roofing tiles shall be the maximum specified for the intended use in the codes of practice or by the
manufacturer.
The test tiles shall be surrounded by at least 2 courses and 2 columns of identical roofing tiles. The test
requires a set of roofing tiles, sufficient to cover at least 8 courses high and 8 columns wide, or at least
1,5 m high and 1,5 m wide, whichever is larger.
NOTE 1 For interlocking single lap clay or concrete tiles, the lowest course on the test rig can be omitted without
loss of accuracy of the test result.
The fixings shall be installed representatively of their intended use and shall take account of the layout
of the roofing tiles.
NOTE 2 Various fixing patterns might need to be tested, refer to Annex C.
9.3 Determination of the location of the forces on the test roof
A total of 16 roofing tiles to be lifted shall be selected and placed on the test roof. These 16 roofing tiles
shall be located as defined in Annex B. The fixing pattern shall be chosen such that the roofing tile in the
lower right corner of the 16 is fixed. Annex C gives examples of suitable fixing patterns.
The connection point of the tile is within 5 mm of the centre of the exposed area of the roofing tile, normal
to the roof surface (see Figure 1).
The cable may be connected to the tile by feeding the cable through a hole to be made at the location of
the connection point and locking the cable at the back side of the roofing tile and may include a load
spreading device to prevent an unrepresentative failure mode of the roofing tile.
NOTE Figure 1 shows a typical example of a tile in the centre of the roof, overlapping along its edge and head
regions. Some tiles might not have a side lap, e.g. double lap tiles and some single lap verge tiles.
The connection point of beaver tiles in double-lap tiling (see Figure 2a) or crown covering (see Figure 2
b)) should be on the centre line of the tile and at 40 % of the visible length of the tile from the tail of the
tile.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 location of connection point
2 overlapped part of tile
3 visible part of tile
Figure 1 — Location of the connection or loading point on a rectangular tile
a) b)
Key
L visible length
Figure 2 — Location of the connection point of beaver tiles laid a) double-lap or b) crown
covering
9.4 Measurement of the uplift resistance
9.4.1 Calibration of the test equipment
The test equipment shall be calibrated when the equipment is commissioned and periodically in
accordance with the frequency of use. Guidance on calibration methods is given in Annex G.
9.4.2 Eliminate the effect of the load bars and cables
Depending on the design of the test rig, the weight of the application frame and cables may be
counterbalanced to reduce their effect on the load cell reading.
9.4.3 Trial test
A trial test shall be conducted, where the total force on the 16 roof tiles shall be increased at a rate of less
than 50 N/s, until one of the events a, b, c, d or e (specified in 9.4.6) occurs. The maximum total force on
the 16 roofing tiles, F , shall be measured and the tile showing the largest displacement shall be identified
t
together with the location of the largest displacement on this tile.
If F and the other information from a trial test are known from experience, then a trial test need not be
t
carried out.
9.4.4 Test series
For each pattern a series of at least 3 tests and a trial test shall be conducted.
The roofing tiles shall be reinstalled randomly between each test and new fixings shall be used. Any
damaged roofing tiles and battens shall be replaced. The tiles shall be installed in a manner that ensures
the fixings do not coincide with previous fixing positions within 30 mm.
9.4.5 Application of the force
The total force acting on the 16 roofing tiles shall be increased in a first step of maximum 0,7 F and in
t
subsequent steps of maximum 1/20 F (see Figure 3). Release the load after a minimum of 5 s. The total
t
force shall be increased at a rate not more than 50 N/s.
The load may show some relaxation during the 5 s pause.
During the loading step the maximum displacement shall be monitored at an angle of (90 ± 2)° to the
rafters.
Key
1 step 1 of the series of steps
2 step 2 of the series of steps
F force, N
t time, s
Figure 3 — Application of the force
9.4.6 Determining the maximum uplift resistance
The maximum uplift resistance, R , where i is the number of the test, is defined as the total force on the
i
16 roofing tiles when one of the following events occurs:
a) breakage of the mechanical fixing from tile to batten (ultimate failure);
b) pulling out of the connection of the mechanical fixing of the tile to the batten (ultimate failure);
c) breakage of covering elements (ultimate failure);
d) the maximum displacement (serviceability failure) of any roofing tile exceeds the value d (mm),
max
given by:
d = 75 × L / 400
max h
where
d is the maximum permissible displacement, in mm;
max
is the hanging length of the tile, in mm.
L
h
NOTE 1 The hanging length of the tile is the distance between the lower (free) end of the tile and the inner
surface of the hanging nib, refer to Figure E.1.
e) the remaining displacement of any roofing tile due to deformations of the fixings after releasing the
force to zero exceeds 5 mm (serviceability failure);
f) the nib(s) of the tiles disengage from the batten (ultimate failure).
A remaining displacement can occur on the release of the pulling force; if the remaining displacement
exceeds 5 mm after releasing the force to zero, the roofing elements may be pushed at right angles to the
surface of the tiles by hand.
The fixings shall not be influenced when returning elements. If, after returning all the elements, a value
less than 5 mm is not achieved, failure will be deemed to have occurred according to condition e).
When it is required to distinguish between the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state and
events d) or e) occur before events a), b), c) and f) continue to incrementally increase the load until one
of the events a), b), c) and f) occurs.
NOTE 2 Where it is required to distinguish between ultimate and serviceability limit states, guidance is given in
Annex D.
Maximum measured value of the total force applied to 16 tiles shall be used for events a), b), c) and f).
The value at the last completed step shall be used for events d) and e).
On determining event d), check on unloading if events e) and f) have occurred. If e) and f) do not occur,
take the measured value at d as the value for d).
max
Record R for each mode of failure, a) to f), as appropriate, for each of the tests.
i
10 Test report
The test report shall provide the following information:
a) the title, reference number and date of publication of this document;
b) the place, date and time of sampling;
c) the identification of the roofing tile type according to the relevant standard, and the commercial
identification of the roofing tiles, including material specifications, surface characteristics and name
of the manufacturer;
d) the head and side lap and the layout pattern of the installed roofing tiles (see Annex B for layout
patterns);
e) the type, name and dimensions of the fixing and any associated nail, including the material
specification;
f) the number of tiles that have been fixed and distribution of fixings (for examples of fixing patterns,
refer to Annex C);
g) a suitable and sufficient description of the battens, including, for example, dimensions, timber class;
h) the date of testing;
i) the test results (individual values and mode of failure);
j) any other factor that could have influenced the result;
k) a sketch of the fixing pattern (for examples see Figur
...