Power transformers - Part 8: Application guide

Provides information to users about certain fundamental service characteristics of different transformer connections and magnetic circuit designs; system fault currents; parallel operation of transformers, calculation of voltage drop or rise under load; selection of rated quantities and tapping quantities; application of transformers of conventional design to convertor loading; measuring techniques etc.... Cancels and replaces IEC 60606

Transformateurs de puissance - Partie 8: Guide d'application

Informe les utilisateurs sur certaines caractéristiques fondamentales de fonctionnement des différents modes de couplage et des conceptions des circuits magnétiques; les courants de défaut des réseaux; la marche en parallèle des transformateurs, le calcul de la chute ou de l'augmentation de tension due à la charge; la selection des grandeurs assignées et des grandeurs de prises; l'application des transformateurs normaux à la charge par convertisseur; les techniques de mesures etc.... Annule et remplace la CEI 60606

Močnostni transformatorji - 8. del: Navodilo za uporabo

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2001
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6100 - Translation of adopted SIST standards (Adopted Project)
Start Date
10-May-2017
Due Date
09-May-2018
Completion Date
08-Dec-2022
Standard
IEC 61280-2-2:2012/COR1:2015 - Corrigendum 1 - Fibre optic communication subsystem test procedures - Part 2-2: Digital systems - Optical eye pattern, waveform and extinction ratio measurement Released:2/17/2015
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10 pages
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Standard
IEC 60076-8:2001
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84 pages
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Standard – translation
IEC 60076-8:2001
Slovenian language
76 pages
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Standards Content (Sample)


 IEC 2015
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
IEC 61280-2-2
Edition 4.0  2012-10
FIBRE OPTIC COMMUNICATION SUBSYSTEM TEST PROCEDURES –

Part 2-2: Digital systems – Optical eye pattern, waveform and extinction ratio measurement

CORRIGENDUM 1
Figure 11 – Mask margins at different sample population sizes
Replace the existing Figure 11 with the following new Fi
...


2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Power transformers - Application guideTransformateurs de puissance - Partie 8: Guide d'applicationPower transformers - Part 8: Application guide29.180Transformatorji. DušilkeTransformers. ReactorsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:IEC 60076-8SIST IEC 60076-8:2001en01-julij-2001SIST IEC 60076-8:2001SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
NORMEINTERNATIONALECEIIECINTERNATIONALSTANDARD60076-8Première éditionFirst edition1997-10Transformateurs de puissance –Guide d'applicationPower transformers –Application guide Commission Electrotechnique Internationale International Electrotechnical
CommissionPour prix, voir catalogue en vigueurFor price, see current
catalogueÓ IEC 1997
Droits de reproduction réservés
¾ Copyright - all rights reservedAucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite niutilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucunprocédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo-copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized inany form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without
permission inwriting
from the publisher.International Electrotechnical Commission3, rue de Varembé
Geneva, SwitzerlandTelefax: +41 22 919 0300e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site
http: //www.iec.chCODE PRIXPRICE CODEXC

60076-8 ã IEC:1997– 3 –CONTENTSPageFOREWORD.5Clause
1General.7
2Characteristic properties of different three-phase winding combinations andmagnetic circuit designs.9
3Characteristic properties and application of auto-connected transformers.17
4Zero-sequence properties – neutral load current and earth fault conditions,magnetic saturation and inrush current.25
5Calculation of short-circuit currents in three-winding, three-phase transformers(separate winding transformers and auto-connected transformers)with earthed neutrals.51
6Parallel operation of transformers in three-phase systems.81
7Calculation of voltage drop for a specified load, three-winding transformer load loss.93
8Specification of rated quantities and tapping quantities.125
9Convertor applications with standard transformers.14710Guide to the measurement of losses in power transformers.151Annex A – Basic relations for single-phase and two-phase earth faults.165

60076-8 ã IEC:1997– 5 –INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION_________POWER TRANSFORMERS –APPLICATION GUIDEFOREWORD1)The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprisingall national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promoteinternational co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. Tothis end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation isentrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with mayparticipate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaisingwith the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organizationfor Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the twoorganizations.2)The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, aninternational consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representationfrom all interested National Committees.3)The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the formof standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.4)In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC InternationalStandards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Anydivergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearlyindicated in the latter.5)The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for anyequipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.6)Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subjectof patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.International Standard IEC 60076-8 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 14: Powertransformers.This first edition of IEC 60076-8 cancels and replaces IEC 60606 published in 1978. Thisedition constitutes a technical revision.The text of this standard is based on the following documents:FDISReport on voting14/260/FDIS14/297/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report onvoting indicated in the above table.IEC 60076 consists of the following parts, under the general title: Power transformers.Part 1: 1993, GeneralPart 2: 1993, Temperature risePart 3: 1980, Insulation levels and dielectric testsPart 5: 1976, Ability to withstand short circuitPart 8: 1997, Application guideAnnex A is for information only.

60076-8 ã IEC:1997– 7 –POWER TRANSFORMERS –APPLICATION GUIDE1 General1.1 Scope and objectThis Standard applies to power transformers complying with the series of publicationsIEC 60076.It is intended to provide information to users about:–certain fundamental service characteristics of different transformer connections andmagnetic circuit designs, with particular reference to zero-sequence phenomena;–system fault currents in transformers with YNynd and similar connections;–parallel operation of transformers, calculation of voltage drop or rise under load, andcalculation of load loss for three-winding load combinations;–selection of rated quantities and tapping quantities at the time of purchase, based onprospective loading cases;–application of transformers of conventional design to convertor loading;–measuring technique and accuracy in loss measurement.Part of the information is of a general nature and applicable to all sizes of power transformers.Several chapters, however, deal with aspects and problems which are of the interest only forthe specification and utilization of large high-voltage units.The recommendations are not mandatory and do not in themselves constitute specificationrequirements.Information concerning loadability of power transformers is given in IEC 60354, for oil-immersed transformers, and IEC 60905, for dry-type transformers.Guidance for impulse testing of power transformers is given in IEC 60722.1.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text,constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editionsindicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties toagreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibilityof applying the most recent edition of the normative documents indicated below. Members ofIEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.IEC 60050(421):1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 421: Powertransformers and reactorsIEC 60076: Power transformersIEC 60076-1:1993, Power transformers – Part 1: General

60076-8 ã IEC:1997– 9 –IEC 60076-3:1980, Power transformers – Part 3: Insulation levels and dielectric testsIEC 60289:1988, ReactorsIEC 60354:1991, Loading guide for oil-immersed power transformersIEC 60722:1982, Guide to the lightning impulse and switching impulse testing of powertransformers and reactorsIEC 60905:1987, Loading guide for dry-type power transformersIEC 60909:1988, Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a.c. systemsIEC 60909-1:1991, Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase a.c. systems – Part 1:Factors for the calculation of short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems according toIEC 60909 (1988)IEC 60909-2:1992, Electrical equipment – Data for short-circuit current calculations inaccordance with IEC 60909 (1988)IEC 61378-1: 1997, Convertor transformers – Part 1: Transformers for industrial applicationsISO 9001: 1994, Quality systems – Model for quality assurance in design, development,production, installation and servicing2 Characteristic properties of different three-phase winding combinationsand magnetic circuit designsThis chapter is an overview of the subject. Additional information is given in clause 4 on zero-sequence properties.2.1 Y-, D-, and Z-connected windingsThere are two principal three-phase connections of transformer windings: star (Y-connection)and delta (D-connection). For special purposes, particularly in small power transformers,another connection named zigzag or Z is also used. Historically, several other schemes havebeen in use (such as "truncated delta", "extended delta", "T-connection", "V-connection", etc.).While such connections are used in transformers for special applications, they no longerappear in common power transmission systems.2.1.1 Advantages of a Y-connected windingThis type of winding:–is more economical for a high-voltage winding;–has a neutral point available;–permits direct earthing or earthing through an impedance;–permits reduced insulation level of the neutral (graded insulation);–permits the winding taps and tapchanger to be located at the neutral end of each phase;–permits single-phase loading with neutral current (see 2.2 and 4.8).

60076-8 ã IEC:1997– 11 –2.1.2 Advantages of a D-connected windingThis type of winding:–is more economical for a high-current, low-voltage winding;–in combination with a star-connected winding, reduces the zero-sequence impedance inthat winding.2.1.3 Advantages of a Z-connected windingThis type of winding:–permits neutral current loading with inherently low zero-sequence impedance. (It is usedfor earthing transformers to create an artificial neutral terminal of a system);–reduces voltage unbalance in systems where the load is not equally distributed betweenthe phases.2.2 Characteristic properties of combinations of winding connectionsThe notation of winding connections for the whole transformer follows the conventions inIEC 60076-1, clause 6.This subclause is a summary of the neutral current behaviour in different windingcombinations. Such conditions are referred to as having "zero-sequence components" ofcurrent and voltage. This concept is dealt with further in clauses 4 and 5.The statements are also valid for three-phase banks of single-phase transformers connectedtogether externally.2.2.1 YNyn and YNautoZero-sequence current may be transformed between the windings under ampere-turn balance,meeting low short-circuit impedance in the transformer. System transformers with suchconnections may in addition be provided with delta equalizer winding (see 4.7.2 and 4.8).2.2.2 YNy and YynZero-sequence current in the winding with earthed neutral does not have balancing ampere-turns in the opposite winding, where the neutral is not connected to earth. It thereforeconstitutes a magnetizing current for the iron core and is controlled by a zero-sequencemagnetizing impedance. This impedance is high or very high, depending on the design of themagnetic circuit (see 2.3). The symmetry of the phase-to-neutral voltages will be affected andthere may be limitations for the allowable zero-sequence current caused by stray-flux heating(see 4.8).2.2.3 YNd, Dyn, YNyd (loadable tertiary) or YNy + d (non-loadable delta equalizer winding)Zero-sequence current in the star winding with earthed neutral causes compensatingcirculating current to flow in the delta winding. The impedance is low, approximately equal tothe positive-sequence short-circuit impedance between the windings.If there are two star windings with earthed neutrals (including the case of auto-connection withcommon neutral), there is a three-winding loading case for zero-sequence current. This is dealtwith in 4.3.2 and 4.7.2, and in clause 5.

60076-8 ã IEC:1997– 13 –2.2.4 Yzn or ZNyZero-sequence current in the zigzag winding produces an inherent ampere-turn balancebetween the two halves of the winding on each limb, and provides a low short-circuitimpedance.2.2.5 Three-phase banks of large single-phase units – use of delta connected tertiary windingsIn some countries, transformers for high-voltage system interconnection are traditionally madeas banks of single-phase units. The cost, mass, and loss of such a bank is larger than for acorresponding three-phase transformer (as long as it can be made). The advantage of the bankconcept is the relatively low cost of providing a spare fourth unit as a strategic reserve. It mayalso be that a corresponding three-phase unit would exceed the transport mass limitation.The three single-phase transformers provide independent magnetic circuits, representing highmagnetizing impedance for a zero-sequence voltage component.It may be necessary to provide a delta equalizer winding function in the bank, or there may bea need for auxiliary power at relatively low-voltage from a tertiary winding. This can beachieved by external busbar connection from unit to unit in the station. The external connectionrepresents an additional risk of earth fault or short circuit on the combined tertiary winding ofthe bank.2.3 Different magnetic circuit designsThe most common magnetic circuit design for a three-phase transformer is the three-limb core-form (see figure 1). Three parallel, vertical limbs are connected at the top and bottom byhorizontal yokes.Figure 1 – Three-limb, core-form magnetic circuitThe five-limb, core-form magnetic circuit (see figure 2) has three limbs with windings and twounwound side limbs of lesser cross-section. The yokes connecting all five limbs also have areduced cross-section in comparison with the wound limbs.IEC
1119/97
60076-8 ã IEC:1997– 15 –IEC
1120/97Figure 2 – Five-limb, core-form magnetic circuitThe conventional shell-form three-phase design has a frame with the three wound limbshorizontal and having a common centre line (see figure 3). The cor
...


SLOVENSKI SIST IEC 60076-8
STANDARD
julij 2001
Močnostni transformatorji – 8. del: Navodilo za uporabo

Power transformers – Part 8: Application guide

Transformateurs de puissance – Partie 8: Guide d'application

Referenčna oznaka
ICS 29.180 SIST IEC 60076-8:2001 (sl)

Nadaljevanje na straneh 2 do 77

© 2023-01: Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST IEC 60076-8 : 2001
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST IEC 60076-8 (sl), Močnostni transformatorji – 8. del: Navodilo za uporabo, 2001, ima
status slovenskega standarda in je istoveten mednarodnemu standardu IEC 60076-8 (en), Power
transformers – Part 8: Application guide, 1997.

NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard IEC 60076-8:1997 je pripravil tehnični odbor Mednarodne organizacije za
standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike IEC IEC/TC 14, Power transformers.

Slovenski standard SIST IEC 60076-8:2001 je prevod mednarodnega standarda IEC 60076-8:1997. V
primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je odločilen izvirni mednarodni
standard v angleškem jeziku. Slovensko izdajo standarda je pripravil tehnični odbor SIST/TC ETR,
Energetski transformatorji.
Odločitev za privzem tega standarda po metodi ponatisa je januarja 2001 sprejel tehnični odbor SIST/TC
ETR. Maja 2018 je odbor sklenil, da se pripravi prevod standarda.

ZVEZE S STANDARDI
S privzemom tega mednarodnega veljajo za omejeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi standardi,
navedeni v izvirniku, razen tistih, ki so že sprejeti v nacionalno standardizacijo:

Publikacija Naslov SIST
IEC 600050(421):1990 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar (IEV) SIST IEC 60050(421):1999
– Poglavje 421: Močnostni
transformatorji in dušilke
IEC 60076 Močnostni transformatorji SIST IEC 60076

IEC 60076-1:1993 Močnostni transformatorji – 1. del:
Splošno
IEC 60076-3:1980 Močnostni transformatorji – 3. del:
Stopnje izolacije in dielektrični preskusi
IEC 60289:1988 Dušilke
IEC 60354:1991 Navodilo za obremenjevanje oljnih SIST IEC 60354:1997
močnostnih transformatorjev
IEC 60722:1982 Navodilo za udarne in stikalne
prednapetostne preskuse močnostnih

transformatorjev in dušilk
IEC 60905:1987 Navodilo za obremenjevanje suhih SIST IEC 60905:1997
močnostnih transformatorjev
IEC 60909:1988 Izračun kratkostičnih tokov v trifaznih
izmeničnih sistemih
IEC 60909-1:1991 Izračun kratkostičnih tokov v trifaznih
izmeničnih sistemih – 1. del: Faktorji za
izračun kratkostičnih tokov v trifaznih
izmeničnih sistemih v skladu z IEC
60909 (1988)
SIST IEC 60076-8 : 2001
IEC TR 60909-2:1992 Električna oprema – Podatki za izračun
kratkostičnih tokov v skladu z IEC
60909 (1988)
IEC 61378-1:1997 Konvertorski transformatorji – 1. del:
Transformatorji za industrijsko uporabo
ISO 9001:1994 Sistemi vodenja kakovosti – Zahteve
(ISO 9001:1994)
OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– privzem standarda IEC 60076-8:1997

PREDHODNA IZDAJA

OPOMBE
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “mednarodni standard”, v SIST IEC 60076-8:2001
to pomeni “slovenski standard”.

– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.

– Ta nacionalni dokument je istoveten mednarodnemu standardu IEC 60076-8:1997.

SIST IEC 60076-8 : 2001
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor . 5
1 Splošno . 6
2 Značilne lastnosti različnih trifaznih kombinacij navitij in zasnov magnetnih krogov . 7
3 Značilne lastnosti in uporaba avtotransformatorjev . 11
4 Lastnosti ničelnega zaporedja – bremenski tok v nevtralnem vodniku in
zemeljskostični pogoji, magnetno nasičenje in vklopni tok . 14
5 Izračun kratkostičnih tokov v trinavitnih trifaznih transformatorjih (transformatorji
z ločenimi navitji in avtotransformatorji) z ozemljeno nevtralno točko . 25
6 Vzporedno obratovanje transformatorjev v trifaznih sistemih . 39
7 Izračun padca napetosti za določeno breme, izgube pri obremenitvi trinavitnega
transformatorja . 45
8 Določanje naznačenih in odcepnih veličin . 59
9 Pretvorniške aplikacije s standardnimi transformatorji . 69
10 Navodilo za merjenje izgub močnostnih transformatorjev . 71
Dodatek A (informativni): Osnovne povezave za enofazne in dvofazne zemeljske stike . 76

SIST IEC 60076-8 : 2001
MEDNARODNA ELEKTROTEHNIŠKA KOMISIJA

MOČNOSTNI TRANSFORMATORJI –
Navodilo za uporabo
PREDGOVOR
1) Mednarodna elektrotehniška komisija (IEC) je svetovna organizacija za standardizacijo, ki
združuje vse nacionalne elektrotehniške komiteje (nacionalni komiteji IEC). Cilj IEC je pospeševati
mednarodno sodelovanje v vseh vprašanjih standardizacije s področja elektrotehnike in
elektronike. V ta namen poleg drugih aktivnosti izdaja mednarodne standarde. Za njihovo pripravo
so odgovorni tehnični odbori; vsak nacionalni komite IEC, ki ga zanima obravnavana tema, lahko
sodeluje v tem pripravljalnem delu. Prav tako lahko v pripravi sodelujejo mednarodne organizacije
ter vladne in nevladne ustanove, ki so povezane z IEC. IEC sodeluje v tesni povezavi z
mednarodno organizacijo za standardizacijo ISO skladno s pogoji, določenimi v soglasju med
obema organizacijama.
2) Uradne odločitve ali sporazumi IEC o tehničnih vprašanjih, pripravljeni v tehničnih odborih, kjer so
prisotni vsi nacionalni komiteji, ki jih ta tema zanima, izražajo, kolikor je mogoče, mednarodno
soglasje o obravnavani temi.
3) Dokumenti imajo obliko priporočil za mednarodno uporabo in so objavljeni v obliki standardov,
tehničnih poročil ali vodil in jih kot take sprejmejo nacionalni komiteji.

4) Da bi se pospeševalo mednarodno poenotenje, so nacionalni komiteji IEC v svojih nacionalnih in
regionalnih standardih dolžni čim pregledneje uporabljati mednarodne standarde IEC. Vsako
odstopanje med standardom IEC in ustreznim nacionalnim ali regionalnim standardom je treba v
slednjem jasno označiti.
5) IEC ne zagotavlja postopka označevanja za navedbo odobritve in ne more biti odgovoren za
kakršnokoli opremo, razglašeno, da je v skladu s katerim od standardov.

6) Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko kateri od elementov tega mednarodnega standarda
predmet patentnih pravic. IEC ni odgovoren za identificiranje nobene od teh patentnih pravic.

Mednarodni standard IEC 60076-8 je pripravil tehnični odbor IEC 14: Močnostni transformatorji.

Ta prva izdaja razveljavlja in nadomešča standard IEC 60606, objavljen leta 1978, in je popolna
tehnična revizija.
Besedilo tega standarda temelji na naslednjih dokumentih:

FDIS Poročilo o glasovanju
14/260/FDIS 14/297/RVD
Vse informacije o glasovanju za potrditev tega standarda so na voljo v poročilu o glasovanju v zgornji
preglednici.
Standard IEC 60076 sestavljajo naslednji deli s skupnim naslovom Močnostni transformatorji:

1. del: 1993, Splošno
2. del: 1993, Segretek
3. del: 1980, Stopnje izolacije in dielektrični preskusi

5. del: 1976, Kratkostična zmogljivost

8. del: 1997, Navodilo za uporabo

Dodatek A je informativen.
SIST IEC 60076-8 : 2001
MOČNOSTNI TRANSFORMATORJI –
Navodilo za uporabo
1 Splošno
1.1 Področje uporabe in namen
Ta standard se nanaša na močnostne transformatorje, ki so v skladu s publikacijami IEC 60076.

Namen standarda je, da se uporabnikom zagotovijo informacije glede:

– nekaterih osnovnih obratovalnih značilnosti različnih transformatorskih vezav in zasnov magnetnih
krogov s posebnim poudarkom na pojavu ničelnega zaporedja;

– sistemskih okvarnih tokov v transformatorjih z vezavami YNynd in podobnimi vezavami;

– vzporednega obratovanja transformatorjev, izračuna padca ali dviga napetosti pod obremenitvijo
in izračuna kratkostičnih izgub trinavitnih bremenskih kombinacij;

– izbire naznačenih in odcepnih veličin v času naročanja, ki temelji na pričakovanih primerih
obremenitve;
– uporabe konvencionalnih transformatorjev za pretvorniška bremena;

– merilnih tehnik in točnosti merjenja izgub.

Del informacij je splošne narave in se uporablja za vse velikosti močnostnih transformatorjev. Vendar
nekaj poglavij obravnava vidike in vprašanja, ki se nanašajo samo na specifikacijo in uporabo velikih
visokonapetostnih enot.
Priporočila niso obvezna in ne pomenijo zahtev v zvezi s specifikacijo.

Informacije o obremenljivosti močnostnih transformatorjev so za oljne transformatorje podane v
IEC 60354, za suhe transformatorje pa v IEC 60905.

Navodila za udarno preskušanje močnostnih transformatorjev so podana v IEC 60722.

1.2 Zveze s standardi
Naslednji normativni dokumenti vsebujejo določila, ki s sklicevanjem v tem besedilu predstavljajo
določila tega mednarodnega standarda. V času objave so bile navedene izdaje veljavne. Vsi normativni
dokumenti so predmet revizije in stranke naj v pogodbah, ki temeljijo na tem mednarodnem standardu,
uporabljajo, če je le mogoče, najnovejšo izdajo normativnih dokumentov, navedenih spodaj. Člani IEC
in ISO vzdržujejo seznam trenutno veljavnih mednarodnih standardov.

IEC 60050(421):1990 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar (IEV) – Poglavje 421: Močnostni
transformatorji in dušilke
IEC 60076 Močnostni transformatorji

IEC 60076-1:1993 Močnostni transformatorji – 1. del: Splošno

IEC 60076-3:1980 Močnostni transformatorji – 3. del: Stopnje izolacije in dielektrični preskusi

IEC 60289:1988 Dušilke
IEC 60354:1991 Navodilo za obremenjevanje oljnih močnostnih transformatorjev

IEC 60722:1982 Navodilo za udarne in stikalne prenapetostne preskuse močnostnih
transformatorjev in dušilk
IEC 60905:1987 Navodilo za obremenjevanje suhih močnostnih transformatorjev

SIST IEC 60076-8 : 2001
IEC 60909:1988 Izračun kratkostičnih tokov v trifaznih izmeničnih sistemih

IEC 60909-1:1991 Izračun kratkostičnih tokov v trifaznih izmeničnih sistemih – 1. del: Faktorji za
izračun kratkostičnih tokov v trifaznih izmeničnih sistemih v skladu z IEC 60909
(1988)
IEC 60909-2:1992 Električna oprema – Podatki za izračun kratkostičnih tokov v skladu z
IEC 60909 (1988)
IEC 61378-1:1997 Pretvorniški transformatorji – 1. del: Transformatorji za uporabo v industriji

ISO 9001:1994 Sistemi kakovosti – Model zagotavljanja kakovosti v snovanju, razvoju,
proizvodnji, vgradnji in servisiranju

2 Značilne lastnosti različnih trifaznih kombinacij navitij in zasnov magnetnih krogov

V tem poglavju je podan pregled področja. Dodatne informacije o lastnostih ničelnega zaporedja so
navedene v točki 4.
2.1 Navitja v vezavah Y, D in Z

Obstajata dve glavni trifazni vezavi navitij transformatorja: zvezda (vezava Y) in trikot (vezava D). Za
posebne namene, zlasti v manjših močnostnih transformatorjih, se uporablja tudi druga vezava,
imenovana cikcak ali Z. V preteklosti je bilo uporabljenih več drugih vezav (kot so “okrnjeni trikot”,
“razširjeni trikot”, “vezava T”, “vezava V” itd.). Medtem ko se take vezave uporabljajo v transformatorjih
za posebne namene, se le-te ne pojavljajo več v običajnih močnostnih prenosnih sistemih.

2.1.1 Prednosti navitja v vezavi Y

Ta vrsta navitja:
– je gospodarnejša za visokonapetostno navitje;

– ima na voljo nevtralno točko;

– dovoljuje neposredno ozemljitev ali ozemljitev preko impedance;

– dovoljuje znižano stopnjo izolacije nevtralne točke (stopnjevana izolacija);

– dovoljuje, da so odcepi navitja in odcepni preklopnik na nevtralnem koncu vsake faze;

– dovoljuje enofazno obremenitev z nevtralnim tokom (glej 2.2 in 4.8).

2.1.2 Prednosti navitja v vezavi D

Ta vrsta navitja:
– je gospodarnejša za visokotokovno, nizkonapetostno navitje;

– v kombinaciji z navitjem v zvezdni vezavi zmanjšuje ničelno impedanco tega navitja.

2.1.3 Prednosti navitja v vezavi Z

Ta vrsta navitja:
– dovoljuje obremenitev z nevtralnim tokom s svojstveno nizko ničelno impedanco. (Uporablja se za
ozemljitvene transformatorje, da se ustvari umetni nevtralni priključek omrežja);

– zmanjšuje napetostno neravnovesje v omrežjih z neenakomerno porazdelitvijo bremena po fazah.

2.2 Značilne lastnosti kombinacij vezav navitij

Pri zapisu vezave navitij celotnega transformatorja se upoštevajo določila v IEC 60076-1, točka 6.
SIST IEC 60076-8 : 2001
V tej podtočki je podan povzetek obnašanja nevtralnega toka v različnih kombinacijah navitij. Taki pogoji
se obravnavajo tako, kot da imajo "ničelne komponente" toka in napetosti. Ta koncept je nadalje
obravnavan v točkah 4 in 5.
Navedbe veljajo tudi za trifazne skupine enofaznih transformatorjev, ki so med seboj zunanje povezani.

2.2.1 YNyn in YNa (avtovezava)

Ničelni tok se lahko transformira med navitji z uravnoteženimi amper-ovoji, pri čemer naleti na nizko
kratkostično impedanco v transformatorju. Tako vezani omrežni transformatorji so lahko dodatno
opremljeni z izenačevalnim trikotnim navitjem (glej 4.7.2 in 4.8).

2.2.2 YNy in Yyn
Ničelni tok v navitju z ozemljenim zvezdiščem nima uravnoteženih amper-ovojev v nasprotnem navitju,
kjer zvezdišče ni ozemljeno. Zato predstavlja za jedro magnetilni tok, katerega učinek določa ničelna
magnetilna impedanca. Ta impedanca je visoka ali zelo visoka, odvisno od zasnove magnetnega kroga
(glej 2.3). To vpliva na simetrijo faznih napetosti in morda so potrebne omejitve dovoljenega ničelnega
toka zaradi segrevanja, ki ga povzroča stresani magnetni pretok (glej 4.8).

2.2.3 YNd, Dyn, YNyd (obremenljivo terciarno navitje) ali YNy + d (neobremenljivo izenačevalno
triko
...

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