SIST IEC 60479-1:2020
Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 1: General aspects
Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 1: General aspects
IEC 60479-1 provides basic guidance on the effects of shock current on human beings and livestock. For a given current path through the human body, the danger to persons depends mainly on the magnitude and duration of the current flow. However, the time/current zones specified in the following clauses are, in many cases, not directly applicable in practice for designing measures of protection against electrical shock. The necessary criterion is the admissible limit of touch voltage (i.e. the product of the current through the body called touch current and the body impedance) as a function of time. The relationship between current and voltage is not linear because the impedance of the human body varies with the touch voltage, and data on this relationship is therefore required. The different parts of the human body (such as the skin, blood, muscles, other tissues and joints) present to the electric current a certain impedance composed of resistive and capacitive components. The values of body impedance depend on a number of factors and, in particular, on current path, on touch voltage, duration of current flow, frequency, degree of moisture of the skin, surface area of contact, pressure exerted and temperature. The impedance values indicated in this document result from a close examination of the experimental results available from measurements carried out principally on corpses and on some living persons. Knowledge of the effects of alternating current is primarily based on the findings related to the effects of current at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz which are the most common in electrical installations. The values given are, however, deemed applicable over the frequency range from 15 Hz to 100 Hz, threshold values at the limits of this range being higher than those at 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Principally the risk of ventricular fibrillation is considered to be the main mechanism of death of fatal electrical accidents. Accidents with direct current are much less frequent than would be expected from the number of DC applications, and fatal electrical accidents occur only under very unfavourable conditions, for example, in mines. This is partly due to the fact that with direct current, the letgo of parts gripped is less difficult and that for shock durations longer than the period of the cardiac cycle, the threshold of ventricular fibrillation is considerably higher than for alternating current. This basic safety publication is primarily intended for use by technical committees in the preparation of standards in accordance with the principles laid down in IEC Guide 104 and lSO/lEC Guide 51. It is not intended for use by manufacturers or certification bodies. One of the responsibilities of a technical committee is, wherever applicable, to make use of basic safety publications in the preparation of its publications. The requirements, test methods or test conditions of this basic safety publication will not apply unless specifically referred to or included in the relevant publications.
Vplivi električnega toka na ljudi in živali – 1. del: Splošno
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2020
Vplivi električnega toka na ljudi in živali – 1. del: Splošno
Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 1: General aspects
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:
ICS:
13.200 Preprečevanje nesreč in Accident and disaster control
katastrof
29.020 Elektrotehnika na splošno Electrical engineering in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
IEC 60479-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2018-12
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
Effects of current on human beings and livestock –
Part 1: General aspects
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 13.200; 29.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-6295-5
– 2 – IEC 60479-1:2018 IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 10
3.1 General definitions . 10
3.2 Effects of sinusoidal alternating current in the range 15 Hz to 100 Hz . 11
3.3 Effects of direct current . 12
4 Electrical impedance of the human body and livestock . 13
4.1 General . 13
4.2 Internal impedance of the human body (Z ) . 13
i
4.3 Impedance of the skin (Z ) . 13
s
4.4 Total impedance of the human body (Z ) . 13
T
4.5 Factors affecting initial resistance of the human body (R ) . 14
4.6 Values of the total impedance of the human body (Z ) . 14
T
4.6.1 Total body impedance dependence for large, medium and small surface
areas of contact . 14
4.6.2 Sinusoidal alternating current 50/60 Hz for large surface areas of contact . 14
4.6.3 Sinusoidal alternating current 50/60 Hz for medium and small surface
areas of contact . 17
4.6.4 Sinusoidal alternating current with frequencies up to 20 kHz and above . 20
4.6.5 Direct current . 21
4.7 Value of the initial resistance of the human body (R ) . 22
4.8 Characteristics of the impedance of the body of livestock . 22
5 Effects of sinusoidal alternating current in the range of 15 Hz to 150 Hz . 22
5.1 General . 22
5.2 Threshold of perception . 22
5.3 Threshold of reaction . 22
5.4 Immobilization . 22
5.5 Threshold of let-go . 23
5.6 Threshold of ventricular fibrillation . 23
5.7 Other effects related to electric shocks . 23
5.8 Effects of current on the skin . 24
5.9 Description of time/current zones (see Figure 20) . 24
5.10 Application of heart-current factor (F). 25
6 Effects of direct current . 26
6.1 General . 26
6.2 Threshold of perception and threshold of reaction . 26
6.3 Threshold of immobilization and threshold of let-go . 26
6.4 Threshold of ventricular fibrillation . 26
6.5 Other effects of current . 27
6.6 Description of time/current zones (see Figure 22) . 27
6.7 Heart factor . 28
6.8 Effects of anodic versus cathodic DC currents . 45
Annex A (normative) Measurements of the total body impedances Z made on living
T
human beings and on corpses and statistical analysis of the results . 48
Annex B (normative) Influence of frequency on the total body impedance (Z ) . 51
T
IEC 60479-1:2018 IEC 2018 – 3 –
Annex C (normative) Total body resistance (R ) for direct current . 52
T
Annex D (informative) Examples of calculations of ZT . 53
Annex E (informative) Theories of ventricular fibrillation . 56
Annex F (informative) Quantities of upper limit of vulnerability (ULV)and lower limit of
vulnerability (LLV) . 57
Annex G (informative) Circuit simulation methods in electric shock evaluation . 58
Annex H (normative) Effects of currents passing through the body of livestock . 61
H.1 General . 61
H.2 Principal consideration of the risk of ventricular fibrillation for livestock . 61
H.3 Characteristics of the impedance of the body of livestock . 62
H.4 Internal impedance of animals (Z ) . 62
i
H.5 Impedance of the hide and skin (Z ) . 63
P
H.6 Impedance (resistance) of the hoof (Z , R ) . 63
h h
H.7 Total body impedance (Z ) . 63
T
H.8 Initial body resistance (R ) . 64
H.9 Values of the total body impedance (Z ) . 64
T
H.10 Values of the initial resistance of the body (R ) . 65
H.11 Effects on livestock of sinusoidal alternating current in the range from 15 Hz
to 100 Hz . 65
H.11.1 General . 65
H.11.2 Threshold of reaction . 66
H.11.3 Threshold of ventricular fibrillation . 66
Bibliography . 69
Figure 1 – Impedances of the human body . 28
Figure 2 – Internal partial impedances Z of the human body . 29
ip
Figure 3 – Simplified schematic diagram for the internal impedances of the human
body . 30
Figure 4 – Total body impedance Z (50 %) for a current path hand to hand, for large
T
surface areas of contact in dry, water-wet and saltwater-wet conditions for a percentile
rank of 50 % of the population for touch voltages U = 25 V to 700 V, AC 50/60 Hz . 31
T
Figure 5 – Dependence of the total impedance Z of one living person on the surface
T
area of contact in dry conditions and at touch voltage (50 Hz) . 32
Figure 6 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z on the touch voltage U for a current
T T
path from the tips of the right to the left forefinger compared with large surfaceareas of
contact from the right to the left hand in dry conditions measured on one living person, touch
voltage range U = 25 V to 200 V, AC 50 Hz, duration of current flow max. 25 ms . 33
T
th
Figure 7 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z for the 50 percentile rank of
T
a population of living human beings for large, medium and small surface areas of
2 2 2
contact (order of magnitude 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm and 100 mm respectively) in
dry conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V AC 50/60 Hz . 34
T
th
Figure 8 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z for the 50 percentile rank of
T
a population of living human beings for large, medium and small surface areas of
2 2 2
contact (order of magnitude 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm and 100 mm respectively) in
water-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V, AC 50/60 Hz . 35
T
th
Figure 9 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z for the 50 percentile rank of
T
a population of living human beings for large, medium and small surface areas of
2 2 2
contact (order of magnitude 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm and 100 mm respectively) in
saltwater-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V, AC 50/60 Hz . 36
T
– 4 – IEC 60479-1:2018 IEC 2018
Figure 10 – Values for the total body impedance Z measured on 10 living human
T
beings with a current path hand to hand and large surface areas of contact in dry
conditions at a touch voltage of 10 V and frequencies from 25 Hz to 20 kHz . 37
Figure 11 – Values for the total body impedance Z measured on one living human
T
being with a current path hand to hand and large surface areas of contact in dry
conditions at a touch voltage of 25 V and frequencies from 25 Hz to 2 kHz . 37
Figure 12 – Frequency dependence of the total body impedance Z of a population for
T
a percentile rank of 50 % for touch voltages from 10 V to 1 000 V and a frequency
range from 50 Hz to 150 kHz for a current path hand to hand or hand to foot, large
surface areas of contact in dry conditions . 38
Figure 13 – Statistical value of total body impedances Z and body resistances R for
T T
a percentile rank of 50 % of a population of living human beings for the current path
hand to hand, large surface areas of contact, dry conditions, for touch voltages up to
700 V, for AC 50/60 Hz and DC . 38
Figure 14 – Dependence of the alteration of human skin condition on current density
i and duration of current flow . 39
T
Figure 15 – Electrodes used for the measurement of the dependence of the
impedance of the human body Z on the surface area of contact . 40
T
Figure 16 – Oscillograms of touch voltages U and touch currents I for AC, current
T T
path hand to hand, large surface areas of contact in dry conditions taken from
measurements . 41
Figure 17 – Occurrence of the vulnerable period of ventricles during the cardiac cycle . 42
Figure 18 – Triggering of ventricular fibrillation in the vulnerable period – Effects on
electro-cardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure . 42
Figure 19 – Fibrillation data for dogs, pigs and sheep from experiments and for
persons calculated from statistics of electrical accidents with transversal direction of
current flow hand to hand and touch voltages U = 220 V and 380 V AC with body
T
impedances Z (5 %) . 43
T
Figure 20 – Conventional time/current zones of effects of AC currents (15 Hz to
100 Hz) on persons for a current path corresponding to left hand to feet (see Table 11) . 44
Figure 21 – Oscillogram of touch voltages U and touch current I fo
...
SL O V EN S K I SIST IEC 60479-1
S T ANDAR D junij 2020
Vplivi električnega toka na ljudi in živali – 1. del: Splošno
Effects of current on human beings and livestock – Part 1: General aspects
Referenčna oznaka
ICS 13.200; 29.020 SIST IEC 60479-1:2020 (sl)
Nadaljevanje na straneh od 2 do 70
© 2023-10. Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno.
SIST IEC 60479-1 : 2020
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST IEC 60479-1 (sl), Vplivi električnega toka na ljudi in živali – 1. del: Splošno, 2020, ima
status slovenskega standarda in je istoveten mednarodnemu standardu IEC 60479-1 (en), Effects of
current on human beings and livestock – Part 1: General aspects, 2018.
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard IEC 60479-1:2018 je pripravil tehnični odbor IEC/TC 64 Električne inštalacije in
zaščita pred električnim šokom.
Slovenski standard SIST IEC 60479-1:2020 je prevod mednarodnega standarda IEC 60479-1:2018. V
primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je odločilen izvirni mednarodni
standard v angleškem jeziku. Slovensko izdajo standarda je potrdil tehnični odbor SIST/TC ELI
Nizkonapetostne in komunikacijske električne inštalacije.
Odločitev za privzem tega standarda je junija 2020 sprejel tehnični odbor SIST/TC ELI Nizkonapetostne
in komunikacijske električne inštalacije.
OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– privzem standarda IEC 60479-1:2018
OPOMBI
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “mednarodni standard”, v SIST IEC 60479-
1:2020 to pomeni “slovenski standard”.
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavna dela standarda.
SIST IEC 60479-1 : 2020
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor . 7
Uvod . 9
1 Področje uporabe .10
2 Zveze s standardi .10
3 Izrazi in definicije .11
3.1 Splošne definicije .11
3.2 Učinki sinusnega izmeničnega toka v območju 15 Hz do 100 Hz .12
3.3 Učinki enosmernega toka .13
4 Električna impedanca telesa človeka in živali .13
4.1 Splošno .13
4.2 Notranja impedanca človeškega telesa (Z ) .13
i
4.3 Impedanca kože (ZS) .14
4.4 Celotna impedanca človeškega telesa (ZT) .14
4.5 Dejavniki, ki vplivajo na začetno upornost človeškega telesa (R ) .14
4.6 Vrednosti celotne impedance človeškega telesa (ZT) .14
4.6.1 Odvisnost celotne impedance za velike, srednje in majhne stične površine .14
4.6.2 Sinusni izmenični tok, 50/60 Hz, za velike stične površine .15
4.6.3 Sinusni izmenični tok, 50/60 Hz, za srednje in majhne stične površine .17
4.6.4 Sinusni izmenični tok s frekvencami do 20 kHz in več .20
4.6.5 Enosmerni tok .21
4.7 Vrednost začetne upornosti človeškega telesa (R0) .21
4.8 Karakteristika impedance telesa živali .22
5 Učinki sinusnega izmeničnega toka v območju 15 Hz do 150 Hz .22
5.1 Splošno .22
5.2 Prag zaznavanja .22
5.3 Prag odziva .22
5.4 Otrpnjenje .22
5.5 Prag sprostitve .22
5.6 Prag ventrikularne fibrilacije .23
5.7 Drugi učinki v povezavi z električnimi udari .23
5.8 Učinek toka na kožo .24
5.9 Opis con čas/tok (glej sliko 20) .24
5.10 Uporaba faktorja toka skozi srce (F) .24
6 Učinki enosmernega toka .25
6.1 Splošno .25
6.2 Prag zaznavanja in prag odziva .25
6.3 Prag otrpnjenja in prag sprostitve .26
6.4 Prag ventrikularne fibrilacije .26
6.5 Drugi učinki toka .26
SIST IEC 60479-1 : 2020
6.6 Opis con čas/tok (glej sliko 22) .26
6.7 Faktor srca .27
6.8 Učinki anodnih enosmernih tokov proti katodnim .45
Dodatek A (normativni): Meritve celotnih impedanc telesa Z , izvedene na živih ljudeh in truplih,
T
ter statistična analiza rezultatov .47
Dodatek B (normativni): Vpliv frekvence na celotno impedanco telesa (Z ) .50
T
Dodatek C (normativni): Celotna upornost telesa (R ) za enosmerni tok .51
T
Dodatek D (informativni): Primeri izračunov ZT .52
Dodatek E (informativni): Teorije ventrikularne fibrilacije .55
Dodatek F (informativni): Veličine za zgornjo mejo ranljivosti (ULV) in
spodnjo mejo ranljivosti (LLV) .56
Dodatek G (informativni) Metode simulacije tokokrogov pri oceni električnega udara .57
Dodatek H (normativni) Učinki tokov, ki tečejo skozi telo živali .60
H.1 Splošno .60
H.2 Glavni dejavnik tveganja ventrikularne fibrilacije za živali .60
H.3 Karakteristika impedance telesa živali .61
H.4 Notranja impedanca živali (Z ) .61
i
H.5 Impedanca dlakave in gole kože (Z ) .62
P
H.6 Impedanca (upornost) kopit/parkljev (Z , R ) .62
h h
H.7 Celotna impedanca telesa (Z ) .62
T
H.8 Začetna upornost telesa (R ) .62
H.9 Vrednosti celotne impedance telesa (Z .63
T
H.10 Vrednosti začetne upornosti telesa (R ) .64
H.11 Učinki sinusnega izmeničnega toka v območju od 15 Hz do 100 Hz na živali .64
H.11.1 Splošno .64
H.11.2 Prag odziva .64
H.11.3 Prag ventrikularne fibrilacije .64
Literatura .67
Slika 1: Impedance človeškega telesa .27
Slika 2: Notranje delne impedance Z človeškega telesa .28
ip
Slika 3: Poenostavljena shema notranjih impedanc človeškega telesa .29
Slika 4: Celotna impedanca telesa Z (50 %) za pot toka roka–roka za velike suhe, mokre in
T
slano-mokre stične površine za 50 % populacije za napetosti dotika U = 25 V do 700 V,
T
izmenični tok, 50/60 Hz .30
Slika 5: Odvisnost celotne impedance Z ene žive osebe od suhe stične površine in pri napetosti
T
dotika (50 Hz) .31
Slika 6: Odvisnost celotne impedance telesa Z od napetosti dotika U za pot toka od konice
T T
desnega kazalca do konice levega kazalca v primerjavi z velikimi suhimi stičnimi površinami pri
poti toka od leve roke do desne roke, merjeno na eni živi osebi, napetost dotika v območju
UT = 25 V do 200 V, izmenični tok, 50 Hz, trajanje toka največ 25 ms .32
Slika 7: Odvisnost celotne impedance telesa Z za 50-odstotkovni nivo populacije živih ljudi
T
2 2
za velike, srednje in majhne suhe stične površine (red velikosti 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm oziroma
100 mm ) pri napetostih dotika U = 25 V do 200 V, izmenični tok, 50/60 Hz .33
T
SIST IEC 60479-1 : 2020
Slika 8: Odvisnost celotne impedance telesa Z za 50-odstotkovni nivo populacije živih ljudi za
T
2 2
velike, srednje in majhne mokre stične površine (red velikosti 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm oziroma
100 mm ) pri napetostih dotika U = 25 V do 200 V, izmenični tok, 50/60 Hz .34
T
za 50-odstotkovni nivo populacije živih ljudi za
Slika 9: Odvisnost celotne impedance telesa ZT
2 2
velike, srednje in majhne slano-mokre stične površine (red velikosti 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm in
100 mm ) pri napetostih dotika UT = 25 V do 200 V, izmenični tok, 50/60 Hz .35
Slika 10: Vrednosti celotne impedance telesa Z , merjeno na 10 živih ljudeh s potjo toka
T
roka–roka in velikimi suhimi stičnimi površinami pri napetosti dotika 10 V in
frekvencah od 25 Hz do 20 kHz .36
Slika 11: Vrednosti celotne impedance telesa Z , merjeno na enem živem človeku s potjo toka
T
roka–roka in velikimi suhimi stičnimi površinami ter pri napetosti dotika 25 V in
frekvencah od 25 Hz do 2 kHz .36
Slika 12: Frekvenčna odvisnost celotne impedance telesa Z za 50-odstotkovni nivo populacije
T
pri napetostih dotika od 10 V do 1 000 V in frekvenčnem območju od 50 Hz do 150 kHz za
pot toka roka–roka ali roka–stopalo, za velike suhe stične površine .37
Slika 13: Statistična vrednost celotne impedance telesa Z in upornosti telesa R za
T T
50-odstotkovni nivo populacije živih ljudi za pot toka roka–roka
...
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