ISO/TR 16352:2005

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 16352
First edition
2005-12-01
Road vehicles — Ergonomic aspects
of in-vehicle presentation for transport
information and control systems —
Warning systems
Véhicules routiers — Aspects ergonomiques de la présentation des
systèmes de commande et d'information des transports à l'intérieur des
véhicules — Systèmes avertisseurs

Reference number
©
ISO 2005
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ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Warning signals. 2
2.1 Criteria of warning effects . 2
2.2 Categorization of warning signal failure . 4
2.3 Urgency mapping. 6
2.4 Alarm theories. 8
2.5 Design recommendations. 10
3 Psychological and physiological aspects. 10
3.1 Human processing of warnings . 10
3.2 Workload. 12
3.3 Expectancy. 13
3.4 Further human factors, individual differences . 13
3.5 Recommendations. 14
4 Sensorial modality. 15
5 Visual warning signals . 17
5.1 Psychological/physiological bases. 18
5.2 Types of visual displays . 19
5.3 Design parameters. 20
5.3.1 Sensorial-related parameters. 20
5.3.2 Coding parameters. 24
5.3.3 Organizational parameters. 37
6 Auditory warnings . 39
6.1 Psychological/physiological bases. 40
6.2 Advantages of auditory presentation . 41
6.3 Tonal signals, auditory icons . 42
6.3.1 Advantages of tonal signals . 42
6.3.2 Standards. 42
6.3.3 Attributes. 42
6.3.4 Sensorial parameters. 44
6.3.5 Coding parameters. 47
6.3.6 Organizational parameters. 54
6.4 Speech output. 55
6.4.1 Advantages of speech output . 56
6.4.2 Sensorial-related parameters. 56
6.4.3 Coding parameters. 60
6.4.4 Organizational parameters. 63
6.4.5 Warning applications of speech output . 65
6.5 Comparison of tonal signals and speech output . 66
7 Tactile warnings. 68
7.1 Advantages of tactile presentation. 68
7.2 Design parameters. 70
7.2.1 Sensorial-related parameters. 70
7.2.2 Coding parameters. 71
8 Redundancy of message presentation. 71
8.1 Visual/auditory combination. 72
8.2 Visual/auditory qualities for in-vehicle displays . 73
8.3 Visual/auditory indications for displays . 74
8.4 Visual/auditory/tactile combination . 74
8.5 Master alerting. 75
8.6 Other concepts. 75
9 Comparison of warning types, codes and modalities. 77
9.1 Visual/auditory presentation of non-verbally-coded objects . 77
9.2 Visual/auditory presentation of verbally-coded objects/abstract information. 78
9.3 Visual/auditory presentation of verbally-/non-verbally-coded spatial information. 79
9.4 Visual presentation of non-verbally-coded information/auditory presentation of verbally-
coded information. 81
9.5 Visual/tactile presentation of non-verbally-coded objects/spatial information. 82
9.6 Auditory/tactile presentation of non-verbally-coded objects/spatial information . 85
9.7 Visual/auditory/tactile presentation of verbally-coded objects/abstract information. 86
9.8 Recommendations for warning systems. 86
10 Warnings in assistance systems. 88
10.1 Distance warning systems. 91
10.2 Collision warning systems. 92
10.3 Side-obstacle warning systems. 98
10.4 Lane-departure warning systems. 100
10.5 Manoeuvring aids for low speed operation. 102
10.6 Usability of intelligent-transport-systems information for drivers . 104
10.7 Other assistance systems. 104
11 Warnings in other applications. 105
11.1 Aircraft. 105
11.2 Intensive care unit. 106
11.3 Industrial plants . 106
12 Discussion. 108
13 Summary. 110
13.1 Introduction . 110
13.2 Warning signals. 110
13.3 Psychological and physiological aspects, sensorial modality . 111
13.4 Visual warning signals . 111
13.5 Auditory warnings. 113
13.6 Tactile warnings. 115
13.7 Redundancy of message presentation . 116
13.8 Comparison of warning types, codes and modalities. 116
13.9 Warnings in assistance systems. 117
13.10 Warning in other applications. 118
Bibliography . 119

iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of nation
...