ISO 12651-1:2012

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12651-1
First edition
2012-01-15
Electronic document management —
Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Electronic document imaging
Gestion électronique de documents — Vocabulaire —
Partie 1: Imagerie documentaire électronique

Reference number
©
ISO 2012
©  ISO 2012
The reproduction of the terms and definitions contained in this International Standard is permitted in teaching manuals, instruction
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ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents
Foreword . iv
1  Scope . 1
2  Normative references. 1
3  Principles and conventions . 1
4  Terms and definitions . 2
Bibliography . 16
Alphabetical index . 17

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
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International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 12651-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 171, Document management applications,
Subcommittee SC 3, General issues.
1)
This first edition of ISO 12651-1, together with ISO 12651-2 , cancels and replaces ISO 12651:1999.
ISO 12651 consists of the following parts, under the general title Electronic document management —
Vocabulary:
 Part 1: Electronic document imaging
The following parts are under preparation:
 Part 2: Document workflow
1)
Under preparation.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12651-1:2012(E)

Electronic document management — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Electronic document imaging
1 Scope
This part of ISO 12651 is intended to facilitate communication in the field of electronic document management
and translation of the terms it contains into other languages.
The term “electronic document management” used throughout this part of ISO 12651 is intended as an all-
encompassing term referring to inputting technologies [scanning, indexing, optical character recognition
(OCR), forms, digital creation, etc.], management technologies (document services, workflow, and other work
management tools), and storage (primarily optical/magnetic) technologies.
All terms and definitions in this part of ISO 12651 have been drafted in accordance with ISO 10241-1 and
ISO 1087-1. The selection of terms and the wording of definitions have, as far as possible, followed
established usage. Where there were contradictions, solutions agreeable to the majority have been sought.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 11544, Information technology — Coded representation of picture and audio information —
Progressive bi-level image compression
ISO/IEC 10918-4, Information technology — Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images:
Registration of JPEG profiles, SPIFF profiles, SPIFF tags, SPIFF colour spaces, APPn markers, SPIFF
compression types and Registration Authorities (REGAUT)
ISO 18901, Imaging materials — Processed silver-gelatin-type black-and-white films — Specifications for
stability
3 Principles and conventions
3.1 Definition, formatting and organization of entries
All terms and definitions listed in Clause 4 meet the requirements of ISO 10241-1:2011.
3.2 Spelling
Terms, definitions, examples and notes are given in the spelling preferred in the United Kingdom, unless
otherwise indicated. Other correct spellings may be used without violating this International Standard.
4 Terms and definitions
4.1
aberration
defect in a lens or mirror that produces distortions in an image (4.67)
EXAMPLES Astigmatism, chromatic aberration, curvature of field.
4.2
ablation
deformation in an optical disk (4.99) created by a high-powered laser during write operation, that burns or
melts the surface
NOTE This is also known as a pit.
4.3
addressability
number of discrete pixels (4.108) that can be addressed using a co-ordinate system on a display or in the
devices supporting a display
EXAMPLE 1,600  1,200.
4.4
analogue monitor
output device that uses an analogue signal to display an image (4.67)
NOTE The voltage that determines the brightness of each colour component varies continuously.
4.5
analogue transmission
transmission of continuously varying electronic signals analogous to tonal variations
4.6
analogue-to-digital conversion
A/D
process of converting a continuous electrical current or signal into digital form
4.7
aperture card scanner
device for scanning micro-images in aperture cards
NOTE Some scanners (4.124) can also read information printed on the card.
4.8
aspect ratio
ratio of height to width of a rectangle
4.9
automatic character recognition
technology using special systems, such as OCR (4.100) or ICR (4.80), to identify human-readable characters,
usually alphanumeric, and then use the data
4.10
automatic document feeder
powered device to feed microforms, films or paper into a scanner (4.124) for capture
NOTE It can also position the microform, film, or paper.
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

4.11
auxiliary operation
activity supplementary to the primary operations of a document (4.41) management system
EXAMPLES Film cleaning, splicing, mounting, packaging, loading, coding.
4.12
backfile
collection of documents (4.41), usually predating the imaging (4.76) system, that have not been digitized
4.13
backfile conversion
process of scanning, indexing (4.77) and quality control of the backfile (4.12)
4.14
backward compatibility
ability to move data from a more advanced version of a system or software package to a less advanced
version
4.15
bar-code scanner
device used to read bar codes by means of reflected light
4.16
bar-code symbol
machine-generated and readable representation of data, usually numeric, in the form of a printed series of
contrasting parallel bars of various widths, spacing and/or heights
4.17
batch processing
machine processing of a batch of documents (4.41)
NOTE The documents (4.41) could have been collected over a period of time.
4.18
bit-mapped image
image (4.67) derived from an array of pixels (4.108)
4.19
bitonal image
image (4.67) having a number of pixels (4.108), each of which has an “on” or an “off” value
4.20
bleed-through, US
show-through, GB
undesired appearance of information from the reverse of a document (4.41) when viewed and/or scanned
4.21
blocking
unintentional adhesion of adjacent sheets of film or paper
4.22
browsing
searching for information in a database or in a document (4.41)
4.23
cache
temporary storage providing rapid access to frequently used information
4.24
character recognition
identification of graphic characters by automatic means
4.25
CCD scanner
charge-coupled device scanner
scanner (4.124) that incorporates a light-sensitive semiconductor device that can collect, store and move
electric charges in packets
4.26
clipped pixel array
actual pixel (4.108) array to be imaged as determined by all clipping parameters
4.27
clipping
reduction in the range of tones recorded by a scanner (4.124) due to limited spectral sensitivity of its
photodetector
4.28
CD-ROM
compact disk–read only memory
optical disk (4.99), conforming to compact disk specifications, created by a mastering process and used for
distributing read-only information
4.29
CD-R
compact disk recordable
optical disk (4.99), conforming to compact disk specifications, on which data is recorded by the user once
and can be read many times
4.30
compound document
document (4.41) that contains information in more than one object
EXAMPLE Text, graphics and images (4.67) in a single document (4.41) or a spreadsheet embedded in a
word-processing document.
4.31
compression
reduction in size of an electronic file
NOTE 1 Compression can be lossy (4.88) or lossless (4.87).
NOTE 2 Compression is usually carried out to reduce storage requirements, to reduce network traffic and/or to reduce
file transmission times.
4.32
compression ratio
relationship of the file size before compression (4.31) to the file size after compression
4.33
COLD
computer output to laser disk
technology used to store computer-generated reports in a computer-based accessible format through the use
of virtual printers or other technology, in order to capture the report as it is generated or printed
NOTE This term is sometimes referred to as enterprise report management (4.54).
4 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

4.34
continuous-tone
having continuous variation in colour and/or density
NOTE Colour includes shades of grey.
4.35
contrast
difference in density between darkest and lightest fields
4.36
decompression
expansion of a compressed file
4.37
deskewing
process of rotating an image (4.67) by the same amount as its skew (slant), but in the opposite direction,
resulting in a horizontally and vertically aligned image where the text runs across the page rather than at an
angle
NOTE 1 See also skewing (4.129).
NOTE 2 Improperly aligned images (4.67) make optical character recognition [OCR (4.100)] more difficult and can
cause the OCR process to become slower and less accurate. Deskewing the documents (4.41) beforehand can make the
OCR process faster and more accurate.
4.38
digitize
use of a scanner (4.124) to convert documents (4.41) to digitally coded electronic images (4.48)
4.39
digitizer
device for the digitization of a document (4.41)
NOTE This term is often used, by extension, to refer to a device that allows both the scanning and the actual digitization
of the document (4.41).
4.40
dithering
method of simulating shades of grey using different patterns of black and white pixels (4.108) within a cell or
simulating colours by using patterns of other (often primary) colours
4.41
document
recorded information or object which can be treated as a unit
[ISO 15489-1:2001, definition 3.10]
4.42
document profile
set of attributes which specifies the characteristics of a document (4.41) as a whole
[ISO/IEC 2382-23:1994, 23.02.02]
4.43
document service
component, module, or application supporting and/or providing authoring, check-in/check-out, and version
control capabilities, along with other features necessary to create, manage, update and secure
document-based (4.41) information in an automated fashion
4.44
dpi
dots per inch
measure of resolution
4.45
dropout ink
ink of a colour that cannot be detected by a scanner (4.124)
4.46
edge enhancement
technique for sharpening the appearance of line edges on an electronic image (4.48)
4.47
EDMS
electronic document management system
computer-based application dealing with the management of documents (4.41) throughout the
document (4.41) life cycle
NOTE This may comprise one or more technologies, such as document imaging, document/library services, workflow,
enterprise report management, forms management and automatic character recognition.
4.48
electronic image
digital representation of a doc
...