Measurement of radioactivity in the environment — Guidelines for effective dose assessment using environmental monitoring data — Part 1: Planned and existing exposure situation

These international guidelines are based on the assumption that monitoring of environmental components (atmosphere, water, soil and biota) as well as food quality ensure the protection of human health[2][4][5][6][7][8]. The guidelines constitute a basis for the setting of national regulations and standards, inter alia, for monitoring air, water and food in support of public health, specifically to protect the public from ionizing radiation. This document provides — guidance to collect data needed for the assessment of human exposure to radionuclides naturally present or discharged by anthropogenic activities in the different environmental compartments (atmosphere, waters, soils, biological components) and food; — guidance on the environmental characterization needed for the prospective and/or retrospective dose assessment methods of public exposure; — guidance for staff in nuclear installations responsible for the preparation of radiological assessments in support of permit or authorization applications and national authorities' officers in charge of the assessment of doses to the public for the purposes of determining gaseous or liquid effluent radioactive discharge authorizations; — information for the public on the parameters used to conduct a dose assessment for any exposure situations to a representative person/population. It is important that the dose assessment process be transparent, and that assumptions are clearly understood by stakeholders who can participate in, for example, the selection of habits of the representative person to be considered. Generic mathematical models used for the assessment of radiological human exposure are presented to identify the parameters to monitor, in order to select, from the set of measurement results, the "best estimates" of these parameter values. More complex models are often used that require the knowledge of supplementary parameters. The reference and limit values are not included in this document.

Mesurage de la radioactivité dans l'environnement — Lignes directrices pour l’évaluation de la dose efficace à l’aide de données de surveillance environnementale — Partie 1: Situation d'exposition existante et planifiée

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
07-Jan-2021
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
08-Jan-2021
Due Date
21-Nov-2020
Completion Date
08-Jan-2021
Ref Project
Standard
ISO 20043-1:2021 - Measurement of radioactivity in the environment -- Guidelines for effective dose assessment using environmental monitoring data
English language
30 pages
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Standards Content (Sample)


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20043-1
First edition
2021-01
Measurement of radioactivity in
the environment — Guidelines for
effective dose assessment using
environmental monitoring data —
Part 1:
Planned and existing exposure
situation
Mesurage de la radioactivité dans l'environnement — Lignes
directrices pour l’évaluation de la dose efficace à l’aide de données de
surveillance environnementale —
Partie 1: Situation d'exposition existante et planifiée
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols . 5
5 Principle . 5
6 Assessing and monitoring human exposure. 8
7 Environmental monitoring program .10
7.1 General .10
7.2 Planning process .11
7.2.1 Selection of the sampling strategy .11
7.2.2 Description of the sampling plan .11
7.3 Sampling process .11
7.3.1 Collection of samples .11
7.3.2 Preparation of the sorted sample .12
7.4 Laboratory process .12
7.4.1 Handling of the laboratory sample .12
7.4.2 Preparation of the test sample .12
8 Environmental monitoring to assess external exposure .12
8.1 General .12
8.2 Direct measurement of the external dose .13
8.3 Indirect assessment of the external dose .14
8.3.1 External exposure from contaminated soil .14
8.3.2 External exposure from contaminated air .15
9 Environmental monitoring to assess internal exposure .15
9.1 General .15
9.2 Inhalation.16
9.3 Ingestion .17
9.3.1 General.17
9.3.2 Ingestion of water .17
9.3.3 Ingestion of agricultural products .18
10 Radioactivity measurement .18
10.1 General .18
10.2 Soil .18
10.3 Water .19
10.4 Food stuffs .20
11 Variability and uncertainty .21
12 Quality assurance and quality control program .21
Annex A (informative) Example of sampling procedures for environmental and food matrices .23
Annex B (informative) Example of sample preparation methods for environmental and
food matrices .24
Annex C (informative) Investigation to identify the cause of increase of ambient dose and
activity concentration of environmental samples above their background levels.25
Bibliography .26
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary
information
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies,
and radiological protection, Subcommittee SC 2, Radiological protection.
A list of all the parts in the ISO 20043 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Everyone is exposed to natural radiation. The natural sources of radiation are cosmic rays and naturally
occurring radioactive substances existing in the Earth itself and inside the human body. Human
activities involving the use of radiation and radioactive substances (NORM) cause radiation exposure in
addition to the natural exposure. Some of those activities, such as the mining and use of ores containing
naturally-occurring radioactive substances and the production of energy by burning coal that contains
such substances, simply enhance the exposure from natural radiation sources. Nuclear installations
use radioactive materials and produce radioactive effluent and waste during operation and on their
decommissioning. The use of radioactive materials in industry, agriculture and research is expanding
around the globe.
All these human activities generally also give rise to radiation exposures that are only a small fraction
of the global average level of natural exposure. The medical use of radiation is the largest and a growing
man-made source of radiation exposure in developed countries. It includes diagnostic radiology,
radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and interventional radiology.
Radiation exposure also occurs as a result of occupational activities. It is incurred by workers in
industry, medicine and research using radiation or radioactive substances, as well as by passengers
and crew during air travel and for astronauts. The average level of occupational exposures is generally
[1]
similar to the global average level of natural radiation exposure .
As the uses of radiation increase, so do the potential health risks and the public’s concerns increase.
Thus, all these exposures are regularly assessed in order to
a) improve the understanding of global levels and temporal trends of public and worker exposure,
b) evaluate the components of exposure so as to provide a measure of their relative importance, and
c) identify emerging issues that may warrant more attention and scrutiny. While doses to workers
are usually directly measured, doses to the public are usually assessed by indirect methods
using radioactivity measurement results performed on various sources: waste, effluent and/or
environmental samples.
To ensure that the data obtained from radioactivity monitoring programs support their intended use,
it is essential in the dose assessment process that stakeholders (the operators, the regulatory bodies,
the local information committee and associations, etc.) agree on appropriate data quality objectives,
methods and procedures for: the sampling, handling, transport, storage and preparation of test
samples; the test method; and for calculating measurement uncertainty. An assessment of the overall
measurement uncertainty also needs to be carri
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