ISO 12006-2:2015

© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
ISO TC 59/SC 13
Date: 2014-09-01
ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
ISO TC 59/SC 13/WG 2
Secretariat: SN
Building construction — Organization of information about construction
works — Part 2: Framework for classification
Construction immobilière — Organisation de l'information des travaux de construction — Partie 2: Plan type
pour la classification
Document type: International Standard
Document subtype:
Document stage: (50) Approval
Document language: E

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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright‐protected by ISO. Except as
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1  Scope . 1
2  Normative references . 1
3  Terms and definitions . 1
3.1  General . 1
3.2  Construction resource . 2
3.3  Construction process . 3
3.4  Construction result . 4
3.5  Construction property . 5
4  Basic principles . 5
4.1  Object and process model . 5
4.2  Classification and composition . 7
4.3  Classification (type- of) . 8
4.4  Systems and compositional structuring (part-of) . 8
4.5  Other classification tables . 8
4.6  Properties . 9
5  Recommended classification tables . 9
Annex A (informative) Classification table titles and examples . 11
A.1  General . 11
A.2  Construction information (by content) . 11
A.3  Construction products (by function or form or material or any combination of these) . 11
A.4  Construction agents (by discipline or role or any combination of these) . 12
A.5  Construction aids (by function or form or material or any combination of these) . 13
A.6  Management (by management activity) . 13
A.7  Construction process (by construction activity or construction process lifecycle
stage or any combination of these) . 14
A.8  Construction complexes (by form or function or user activity or any combination of
these) . 15
A.9  Construction entities (by form or function or user activity or any combination of
these) . 15
A.10  Built spaces (by form or function or user activity or any combination of these) . 16
A.11  Construction elements (by function or form or position or any combination of these) . 17
A.12  Work results (by work activity and resources used) . 18
A.13  Construction properties (by property type) . 20
Annex B (informative) Classification concepts . 22
B.1  Concepts and objects . 22
B.2  Classification . 22
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
B.3  The structure of a classification sys tem . 23
B.4  Classification and modelling . 23
Bibliography . 25
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non‐governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT)), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works,
Subcommittee SC 13, Organization of information about construction works.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12006‐2:2001), which has been
technically revised.
ISO 12006 consists of the following parts, under the general title Building construction — Organization
of information about construction works:
— Part 2: Framework for classification
— Part 3: Framework for object-oriented information
Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 12006 are for information only.
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved v

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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
Introduction
0.1 Background
This part of ISO 12006 was first produced when there was little international standardization of
classification systems for construction. Now, several national classification systems have been
developed, for example, in North America, Scandinavia, and the UK, that implement the 2001 edition.
Lessons learned in these implementations have been applied in this second edition.
This part of ISO 12006 has also been revised to take into account developments in information
technology (notably building information modelling) and construction procurement (for example,
design‐build and design‐build‐operate). It has been extended and definitions have been refined to
better serve all construction sectors, including building, civil engineering, and even process engineering.
However, it continues to serve traditional information technologies and procurement methods.
A survey conducted as part of the work towards this edition showed that the most widely used
classifications remain work results (mainly for specifications) and elements (mainly for cost analysis).
They are also the most widely varied classification tables not only in their itemization and structure but
also in the range of purposes to which they are put. There are other classifications, potentially just as
important, which are used to a lesser degree, e.g. for construction products and properties.
0.2 The need for standardization
Building information modelling and modern forms of procurement require all these construction object
classes to be used, along with many others. Building information modelling, in particular, is about
exchange of information of all types along the project time line and between participants and
applications. This is also the case for cooperative forms of procurement. For this exchange to be
successful, a complete and consistent approach to construction object classification is required within
the project, and between projects. This part of ISO 12006 is intended to facilitate this exchange.
Information types include geometrical data, functional and technical data, and cost data and
maintenance data. The project timeline runs from inception to eventual demolition. Participants include
clients, designers, authorities, constructors, end users, and operators. Applications include modelling,
specification, product information, and cost information systems. Even now, there is still pressure for
each of these to retain, or even develop, its own classification silo. This is not sustainable.
While national classifications that implement this part are still likely to differ in their detail (for
example, due to differences in construction culture and legislation), mapping between them should be
fairly straightforward. This is because they will be using the same overarching classification framework
and construction object class definitions. This, in turn, will help with international construction project
work (with participants from many countries), and with development of applications intended to be
used internationally.
0.3 The content of this part
This part of ISO 12006 defines a framework for construction‐sector classification systems and identifies
a set of recommended classification tables and their titles for a range of construction object classes
according to particular views, supported by definitions.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

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Final Draft ISO 12006-2:2015(E)

Building construction — Organization of information about
construction works — Part 2: Framework for classification
1 Scope
This part of ISO 12006 defines a framework for the development of built environment classification
systems. It identifies a set of recommended classification table titles for a range of information object
classes according to particular views, e.g. by form or function, supported by definitions. It shows how
the object classes classified in each table are related, as a series of systems and sub‐systems, e.g. in a
building information model.
This part of ISO 12006 does not provide a complete operational classification system, nor does it
provide the content of the tables, though it does give examples. It is intended for use by organizations
which develop and publish such classification systems and tables, which may vary in detail to suit local
needs. However, if this part of ISO 12006 is applied in the development of local classification systems
and tables, then harmonization between them will be facilitated.
This part of ISO 12006 applies to the complete life cycle of construction works, including briefing,
design, documentation, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition. It applies to both
building and civil engineering works, including associated engineering services and landscaping.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22274, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content — Concept-related aspects for
developing and internationalizing classification systems
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE 1 The definitions are arranged in the following order: construction resource, construction process,
construction result, and construction properties.
NOTE 2 In the definitions, terms that are defined elsewhere within this clause are shown in italics.
NOTE 3 Examples are given in Annex A.
3.1.1
object
any part of the perceivable or conceivable world
Note 1 to entry: An object is something abstract or physical toward which thought, feeling, or action is directed.
3.1.2
construction object
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
object (3.1.1) of interest in the context of a construction process (3.3.2)
3.1.3
construction system
interacting construction objects (3.1.2) organized to achieve one or more purposes
Note 1 to entry: Construction systems can be classified in accordance with this International Standard.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 15288:2008, modified]
3.1.4
type-of relation
relation between two concepts where the intention of one of the concepts includes that of the other
concept and at least one additional delimiting characteristic
Note 1 to entry: Type‐of relation is also known as generic relation.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087‐1:2000, 3.2.21]
3.1.5
part-of relation
relation between two construction objects where one object constitutes the whole and the other a part
of that whole
Note 1 to entry: Part‐of relation is also known as partitive relation, part‐whole relation, or whole‐part relation.
Note 2 to entry: See also ISO/IEC 81346‐1.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087‐1:2000, 3.2.22, modified]
3.1.6
natural environment
non‐artificial environment of any physical construction object (3.1.2)
3.1.7
built environment
physical construction result (3.4.6) intended to serve a function or user activity
Note 1 to entry: The built environment may be viewed as a system of either built space or built structure.
3.1.8
space
limited three‐dimensional extent defined physically or notionally
3.1.9
activity space
space (3.1.8) defined by the spatial extension of an activity
Note 1 to entry: A spatial extension of an activity, for example, a table or a bed, and the activity space around them.
3.2 Construction resource
3.2.1
construction agent
human construction resource (3.2.5) carrying out a construction process (3.3.2)
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
3.2.2
construction aid
construction resource (3.2.5) intended to assist in carrying out a construction process (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: A construction aid is generally not intended for incorporation in a permanent manner in a
construction entity.
3.2.3
construction information
information of interest in a construction process (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: Construction information may be seen both as a construction resource and as a construction
result.
3.2.4
construction product
product intended to be used as a construction resource (3.2.5)
Note 1 to entry: Construction products have different complexity and can be, by themselves or together with
others, make up the parts in any level of assembly of construction entities.
3.2.5
construction resource
construction object (3.1.2) used in a construction process (3.3.2) to achieve a construction result (3.4.6)
3.3 Construction process
3.3.1
construction activity
component process of construction process
3.3.2
construction process
process which uses construction resources (3.2.5) to achieve construction results (3.4.6)
Note 1 to entry: Each construction process may be split up into its component processes.
Note 2 to entry: See also ISO 22263:2008.
3.3.3
construction process lifecycle
sequence of stages from the start to the end of the construction process (3.3.2)
3.3.4
pre-design process
construction process (3.3.2) determining construction properties (3.5.1) for the built environment (3.1.7)
before it is designed
3.3.5
design process
construction process (3.3.2) determining construction properties (3.5.1) for the built environment (3.1.7)
before it is made physical
3.3.6
production process
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
construction process (3.3.2) resulting in built environment (3.1.7)
Note 1 to entry: Production process includes demolition and recycling process.
3.3.7
maintenance process
construction process (3.3.2) preserving the function of, or operating, the built environment (3.1.7)
3.3.8
management
control activity in a construction process (3.3.2) by one or more construction agents
3.4 Construction result
3.4.1
construction complex
aggregate of one or more construction entities (3.4.2) intended to serve at least one function or user
activity
Note 1 to entry: A construction complex can be analysed and the construction entities that go to make it up, can be
identified; e.g. an airport typically is composed of the construction entities runway, control tower, terminal
building, aircraft hangar, etc. A business park typically is composed of a number of buildings, access roads, and
landscaping (each a construction entity in its own right). A motorway from A to B typically is composed of service
stations, the motorway pavement, bridges, embankments, landscaping, etc.
3.4.2
construction entity
independent unit of the built environment (3.1.7) with a characteristic form and spatial structure,
intended to serve at least one function or user activity
Note 1 to entry: A construction entity is the basic unit of the built environment. It is recognizable as a physically
independent construction even though a number of construction entities might be seen as parts of a particular
construction complex. Ancillary works such as access roads, landscaping, service connections, may be regarded as
part of a construction entity. Conversely, when ancillary works are of sufficient scale, they may be regarded as
construction entities in their own right.
3.4.3
construction element
constituent of a construction entity (3.4.2) with a characteristic function, form, or position
Note 1 to entry: For practical purposes, such as when carrying out a cost analysis of a construction entity, it is vital
that construction elements are mutually exclusive, in order to ensure that each part is counted once and only once.
3.4.4
built space
space (3.1.8) defined by built (3.1.7) or natural environment (3.1.6) or both, intended for user activity or
equipment
Note 1 to entry: A built space is, for example, a room defined by floor, ceiling, and wall, or a footpath, or power‐line
corridor defined by a natural forest.
Note 2 to entry: Spaces occupied by construction elements are known as construction spaces, and are handled as
properties of construction elements themselves.
3.4.5
zone
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
space (3.1.8) or spaces with a particular function
Note 1 to entry: Zones may be defined by physical or notional properties, e.g. fire safety zone, climate zone,
smoking area, and quiet zone.
3.4.6
construction result
construction object (3.1.2) which is formed or changed in state as the result of one or more construction
processes (3.3.2) using one or more construction resources (3.2.5)
3.4.7
construction result lifecycle
period of time from inception to the demolition of a construction result (3.4.6)
3.4.8
work result
view of construction result (3.4.6) by type of work activity and resources used
Note 1 to entry: A production work result can be enabling, creating resources.
3.5 Construction property
3.5.1
construction property
property of a construction object (3.1.2)
4 Basic principles
4.1 Object and process model
This text is supported by Figure 1.
The starting point for the design of construction complexes and construction entities is a need.
Documentation of user activities and functional requirements is an important part of the information
needed in the construction process. However, classification of user activity is considered outside the
scope of this International Standard.
The different classes in the standard are related in a basic process model which states that a
construction process uses construction resources to achieve construction results. It creates a principal
structure for the classes of greatest interest. The stage of the construction process lifecycle
characterizes a construction process. There are four main types of construction processes: pre‐design
process, design process, production process, and maintenance process.
Construction entities enable user activities and functional requirements. They can be aggregated into
construction complexes. Construction entities consist of construction elements which can be made up of
parts in several levels of complexity.
A space is an activity space, a built space, or a construction space. A built space is defined by
construction results. Spaces can have spatial relationships such as ‘contained in’ or ‘adjoining’.
Construction resources comprise construction products, construction aids, construction agents, and
construction information. The difference between a construction resource and a construction result is a
question of its relation to a construction process and not of difference in object class. For example,
construction information may be used as a resource to inform and control a construction process, or
may be the result of such a process itself.
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
Construction objects have construction properties. Properties are represented as attributes in
construction information.
Organization model.
User activity
uses
Construction
Built space
complex
aggregate of
defined by
part of
view on
Work result Construction result Construction entity
results in
part of
Construction
element
part of
occurs during part of
Construction
Management
process lifecycle
controls
Construction Construction
Pre-design process
process
product
uses
Construction aid Design process
Construction
resource
Construction agent Production process
Construction Maintenance
information process

Figure 1 — Classes and the general relationship between them
The schema notation is in simplified form of EXPRESS‐G.
A bold line with a circle depicts a type‐of relation and a non‐bold line other relations. The rounded box
represents reference to another schema.
Figure 1 is simplified and should be read together with other parts of this International Standard.
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
4.2 Classification and composition
Classification systems may, apart from a level order of specialization (classes and subclasses), also have
a level order of composition, called compositional structuring. See Figure 2.
Classificationhierarchy Compositionhierarchy
Subclassesaretypesofasuperordinateclass. Subordinatesarepartsofasuperordinatewhole.
Element Insulation
Class Whole Wallsystem Ventilationsystem
Subclass wall roof floor wallbatts ductinsulation Part
stud insulation plate
fan insulation ventilator

Figure 2 — Illustration of a classification hierarchy and a composition hierarchy
As an illustration, Figure 2 shows that wall batts and duct insulation are subordinate classes of
insulation and can form part of a wall system and part of a ventilation system respectively.
NOTE Figure 2 illustrates the principle behind each kind of hierarchy (type‐of and part‐of). The graphic
representation is based on ISO 1087, Annex A.1. It serves to illustrate the principle and does not attempt to
standardize any class, sub‐class, wholes, or parts.
Figure 3 shows a combination of composition and classification.
Wall system
Wood window
Wall construction Window Steel window
Plastic window
Wood frame
Insulation batt Stud Glazing Frame Steel frame
Plastic frame

Figure 3 — Illustration of a combination of composition and classification
NOTE Figure 3 serves to illustrate the principle and does not attempt to standardize any class, sub‐class,
wholes, or parts.
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
4.3 Classification (type-of)
The purpose of classifying is to distinguish between objects in a collection based on properties of
interest. Classes are defined by attributes representing the properties of interest.
Initially, the properties common to the whole collection must be determined. The resulting class is the
most general in the classification. Then, the general class may be subdivided into more specialized
classes in several steps based on differences in properties of interest.
The subdivision results in classes that run from the general to the specialized. The classes are ordered
in levels determined by the relation type‐of, where specific classes are types of more general classes.
The classified objects are members of the classes.
4.4 Systems and compositional structuring (part-of)
The concept of system is not linked to any specific domain, but is to be used in a broad sense.
In the context of this International Standard, all objects can be seen as systems.
The system approach allows a designer to handle wholes (as distinct from parts). By identifying related
systems, the relationships among these can be determined, and monitored, e.g. to ensure that all
systems operate correctly. Examples of relationships are input to or output from a system to its
environment.
EXAMPLE Load‐bearing system, roof system, wall system, HVAC system, drainage system, electrical system,
communication system, transportation system, planting system, painting system, hospital system, ecosystem,
landscape system, repair system, management system, educational system, window system, suspension system,
hinge system, fan system, prefabrication system, procurement system.
Systems can consist of sub‐systems in
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12006-2
Second edition
2015-05-01
Building construction —
Organization of information about
construction works —
Part 2:
Framework for classification
Construction immobilière — Organisation de l’information des
travaux de construction —
Partie 2: Plan type pour la classification
Reference number
ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015

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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
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www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Construction resource . 2
3.3 Construction process . 3
3.4 Construction result . 4
3.5 Construction property . 5
4 Basic principles . 6
4.1 Object and process model . 6
4.2 Classification and composition . 7
4.3 Classification (type-of) . 8
4.4 Systems and compositional structuring (part-of) . 9
4.5 Other classification tables . 9
4.6 Properties . 9
5 Recommended classification tables .10
Annex A (informative) Classification table titles and examples .11
Annex B (informative) Classification concepts .20
Bibliography .23
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works,
Subcommittee SC 13, Organization of information about construction works.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 12006-2:2001), which has been
technically revised.
ISO 12006 consists of the following parts, under the general title Building construction — Organization
of information about construction works:
— Part 2: Framework for classification
— Part 3: Framework for object-oriented information
Annexes A and B of this part of ISO 12006 are for information only.
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ISO 12006-2:2015(E)

Introduction
0.1 Background
This part of ISO 12006 was first produced when there was little international standardization of
classification systems for construction. Now, several national classification systems have been
developed, for example, in North America, Scandinavia, and the UK, that implement the 2001 edition.
Lessons learned in these implementations have been applied in this second edition.
This part of ISO 12006 has also been revised to take into account developments in information technology
(notably building information modelling) and construction procurement (for example, design-build
and design-build-operate). It has been extended and definitions have been refined to better serve all
construction sectors, including building, civil engineering, and even process engineering. However, it
continues to serve traditional information technologies and procurement methods.
A survey conducted as part of the work towards this edition showed that the most widely used
classifications remain work results (mainly for specifications) and elements (mainly for cost analysis).
They are also the most widely varied classification tables not only in their itemization and structure but
also in the range of purposes to which they are put. There are other classifications, potentially just as
important, which are used to a lesser degree, e.g. for construction products and properties.
0.2 The need for standardization
Building information modelling and modern forms of procurement require all these construction
object classes to be used, along with many others. Building information modelling, in particular, is
about exchange of information of all types along the project time line and between participants and
applications. This is also the case for cooperative forms of procurement. For this exchange to be
successful, a complete and consistent approach to construction object classification is required within
the project, and between projects. This part of ISO 12006 is intended to facilitate this exchange.
Information types include geometrical data, functional and technical data, and cost data and
maintenance data. The project timeline runs from inception to eventual demolition. Participants include
clients, designers, authorities, constructors, end users, and operators. Applications include modelling,
specification, product information, and cost information systems. Even now, there is still pressure for
each of these to retain, or even develop, its own classification silo. This is not sustainable.
While national classifications that implement this part are still likely to differ in their detail (for
example, due to differences in construction culture and legislation), mapping between them should be
fairly straightforward. This is because they will be using the same overarching classification framework
and construction object class definitions. This, in turn, will help with international construction project
work (with participants from many countries), and with development of applications intended to be
used internationally.
0.3 The content of this part
This part of ISO 12006 defines a framework for construction-sector classification systems and identifies
a set of recommended classification tables and their titles for a range of construction object classes
according to particular views, supported by definitions.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12006-2:2015(E)
Building construction — Organization of information
about construction works —
Part 2:
Framework for classification
1 Scope
This part of ISO 12006 defines a framework for the development of built environment classification
systems. It identifies a set of recommended classification table titles for a range of information object
classes according to particular views, e.g. by form or function, supported by definitions. It shows how
the object classes classified in each table are related, as a series of systems and sub-systems, e.g. in a
building information model.
This part of ISO 12006 does not provide a complete operational classification system, nor does it provide
the content of the tables, though it does give examples. It is intended for use by organizations which
develop and publish such classification systems and tables, which may vary in detail to suit local needs.
However, if this part of ISO 12006 is applied in the development of local classification systems and tables,
then harmonization between them will be facilitated.
This part of ISO 12006 applies to the complete life cycle of construction works, including briefing, design,
documentation, construction, operation and maintenance, and demolition. It applies to both building
and civil engineering works, including associated engineering services and landscaping.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22274, Systems to manage terminology, knowledge and content — Concept-related aspects for
developing and internationalizing classification systems
3 Terms and definitions
3.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE 1 The definitions are arranged in the following order: construction resource, construction process,
construction result, and construction properties.
NOTE 2 In the definitions, terms that are defined elsewhere within this clause are shown in italics.
NOTE 3 Examples are given in Annex A.
3.1.1
object
any part of the perceivable or conceivable world
Note 1 to entry: An object is something abstract or physical toward which thought, feeling, or action is directed.
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3.1.2
construction object
object (3.1.1) of interest in the context of a construction process (3.3.2)
3.1.3
construction system
interacting construction objects (3.1.2) organized to achieve one or more purposes
Note 1 to entry: Construction systems can be classified in accordance with this International Standard.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 15288:2008, modified]
3.1.4
type-of relation
relation between two concepts where the intention of one of the concepts includes that of the other
concept and at least one additional delimiting characteristic
Note 1 to entry: Type-of relation is also known as generic relation.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.21]
3.1.5
part-of relation
relation between two construction objects where one object constitutes the whole and the other a part
of that whole
Note 1 to entry: Part-of relation is also known as partitive relation, part-whole relation, or whole-part relation.
Note 2 to entry: See also ISO/IEC 81346-1.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.22, modified]
3.1.6
natural environment
non-artificial environment of any physical construction object (3.1.2)
3.1.7
built environment
physical construction result (3.4.6) intended to serve a function or user activity
Note 1 to entry: The built environment may be viewed as a system of either built space or built structure.
3.1.8
space
limited three-dimensional extent defined physically or notionally
3.1.9
activity space
space (3.1.8) defined by the spatial extension of an activity
Note 1 to entry: A spatial extension of an activity, for example, a table or a bed, and the activity space around them.
3.2 Construction resource
3.2.1
construction agent
human construction resource (3.2.5) carrying out a construction process (3.3.2)
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3.2.2
construction aid
construction resource (3.2.5) intended to assist in carrying out a construction process (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: A construction aid is generally not intended for incorporation in a permanent manner in a
construction entity.
3.2.3
construction information
information of interest in a construction process (3.3.2)
Note 1 to entry: Construction information may be seen both as a construction resource and as a construction result.
3.2.4
construction product
product intended to be used as a construction resource (3.2.5)
Note 1 to entry: Construction products have different complexity and can, by themselves or together with others,
make up the parts in any level of assembly of construction entities.
3.2.5
construction resource
construction object (3.1.2) used in a construction process (3.3.2) to achieve a construction result (3.4.6)
3.3 Construction process
3.3.1
construction activity
component process of construction process
3.3.2
construction process
process which uses construction resources (3.2.5) to achieve construction results (3.4.6)
Note 1 to entry: Each construction process may be split up into its component processes.
Note 2 to entry: See also ISO 22263:2008.
3.3.3
construction process lifecycle
sequence of stages from the start to the end of the construction process (3.3.2)
3.3.4
pre-design process
construction process (3.3.2) determining construction properties (3.5.1) for the built environment (3.1.7)
before it is designed
3.3.5
design process
construction process (3.3.2) determining construction properties (3.5.1) for the built environment (3.1.7)
before it is made physical
3.3.6
production process
construction process (3.3.2) resulting in built environment (3.1.7)
Note 1 to entry: Production process includes demolition and recycling process.
3.3.7
maintenance process
construction process (3.3.2) preserving the function of, or operating, the built environment (3.1.7)
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3.3.8
management
control activity in a construction process (3.3.2) by one or more construction agents
3.4 Construction result
3.4.1
construction complex
aggregate of one or more construction entities (3.4.2) intended to serve at least one function or user activity
Note 1 to entry: A construction complex can be analysed and the construction entities that go to make it up, can
be identified; e.g. an airport typically is composed of the construction entities runway, control tower, terminal
building, aircraft hangar, etc. A business park typically is composed of a number of buildings, access roads, and
landscaping (each a construction entity in its own right). A motorway from A to B typically is composed of service
stations, the motorway pavement, bridges, embankments, landscaping, etc.
3.4.2
construction entity
independent unit of the built environment (3.1.7) with a characteristic form and spatial structure,
intended to serve at least one function or user activity
Note 1 to entry: A construction entity is the basic unit of the built environment. It is recognizable as a physically
independent construction even though a number of construction entities might be seen as parts of a particular
construction complex. Ancillary works such as access roads, landscaping, service connections, may be regarded
as part of a construction entity. Conversely, when ancillary works are of sufficient scale, they may be regarded as
construction entities in their own right.
3.4.3
construction element
constituent of a construction entity (3.4.2) with a characteristic function, form, or position
Note 1 to entry: For practical purposes, such as when carrying out a cost analysis of a construction entity, it is vital
that construction elements are mutually exclusive, in order to ensure that each part is counted once and only once.
3.4.4
built space
space (3.1.8) defined by built (3.1.7) or natural environment (3.1.6) or both, intended for user activity or
equipment
Note 1 to entry: A built space is, for example, a room defined by floor, ceiling, and wall, or a footpath, or power-line
corridor defined by a natural forest.
Note 2 to entry: Spaces occupied by construction elements are known as construction spaces, and are handled as
properties of construction elements themselves.
3.4.5
zone
space (3.1.8) or spaces with a particular function
Note 1 to entry: Zones may be defined by physical or notional properties, e.g. fire safety zone, climate zone,
smoking area, and quiet zone.
3.4.6
construction result
construction object (3.1.2) which is formed or changed in state as the result of one or more construction
processes (3.3.2) using one or more construction resources (3.2.5)
3.4.7
construction result lifecycle
period of time from inception to the demolition of a construction result (3.4.6)
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3.4.8
work result
view of construction result (3.4.6) by type of work activity and resources used
Note 1 to entry: A production work result can be enabling, creating resources.
3.5 Construction property
3.5.1
construction property
property of a construction object (3.1.2)
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4 Basic principles
4.1 Object and process model
This text is supported by Figure 1.
The starting point for the design of construction complexes and construction entities is a need.
Documentation of user activities and functional requirements is an important part of the information
needed in the construction process. However, classification of user activity is considered outside the
scope of this International Standard.
The different classes in the standard are related in a basic process model which states that a construction
process uses construction resources to achieve construction results. It creates a principal structure
for the classes of greatest interest. The stage of the construction process lifecycle characterizes a
construction process. There are four main types of construction processes: pre-design process, design
process, production process, and maintenance process.
Construction entities enable user activities and functional requirements. They can be aggregated into
construction complexes. Construction entities consist of construction elements which can be made up
of parts in several levels of complexity.
A space is an activity space, a built space, or a construction space. A built space is defined by construction
results. Spaces can have spatial relationships such as ‘contained in’ or ‘adjoining’.
Construction resources comprise construction products, construction aids, construction agents, and
construction information. The difference between a construction resource and a construction result
is a question of its relation to a construction process and not of difference in object class. For example,
construction information may be used as a resource to inform and control a construction process, or
may be the result of such a process itself.
Construction objects have construction properties. Properties are represented as attributes in
construction information.
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Organization model.
User activity
uses
Construction
Built space
complex
aggregateof
defined by
part of
view on
Work result Construction result Construction entity
resultsin
part of
Construction
element
part of
occursduring part of
Construction
Management
process lifecycle
controls
Construction Construction
Pre-design process
product process
uses
Construction aid Design process
Construction
resource
Constructionagent Production process
Construction Maintenance
information process
Figure 1 — Classes and the general relationship between them
The schema notation is in simplified form of EXPRESS-G.
A bold line with a circle depicts a type-of relation and a non-bold line other relations. The rounded box
represents reference to another schema.
Figure 1 is simplified and should be read together with other parts of this International Standard.
4.2 Classification and composition
Classification systems may, apart from a level order of specialization (classes and subclasses), also have
a level order of composition, called compositional structuring. See Figure 2.
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Classificationhierarchy Compositionhierarchy
Subclassesaretypesofasuperordinateclass. Subordinatesarepartsofasuperordinatewhole.
Element Insulation
Class Whole Wallsystem Ventilationsystem
wall roof floor wallbatts ductinsulation
Subclass Part
stud insulation plate
fan insulation ventilator
Figure 2 — Illustration of a classification hierarchy and a composition hierarchy
As an illustration, Figure 2 shows that wall batts and duct insulation are subordinate classes of insulation
and can form part of a wall system and part of a ventilation system respectively.
NOTE Figure 2 illustrates the principle behind each kind of hierarchy (type-of and part-of). The graphic
representation is based on ISO 1087, Annex A.1. It serves to illustrate the principle and does not attempt to
standardize any class, sub-class, wholes, or parts.
Figure 3 shows a combination of composition and classification.
Wall system
Wood window
Wall construction Window Steel window
Plasticwindow
Wood frame
Insulation batt Stud Glazing Frame Steelframe
Plasticframe
Figure 3 — Illustration of a combination of composition and classification
NOTE Figure 3 serves to illustrate the principle and does not attempt to standardize any class, sub-class,
wholes, or parts.
4.3 Classification (type-of)
The purpose of classifying is to distinguish between objects in a collection based on properties of
interest. Classes are defined by attributes representing the properties of interest.
Initially, the properties common to the whole collection must be determined. The resulting class is
the most general in the classification. Then, the general class may be subdivided into more specialized
classes in several steps based on differences in properties of interest.
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The subdivision results in classes that run from the general to the specialized. The classes are ordered
in levels determined by the relation type-of, where specific classes are types of more general classes.
The classified objects are members of the classes.
4.4 Systems and compositional structuring (part-of)
The concept of system is not linked to any specific domain, but is to be used in a broad sense.
In the context of this International Standard, all objects can be seen as systems.
The system approach allows a designer to handle wholes (as distinct from parts). By identifying related
systems, the relationships among these can be determined, and monitored, e.g. to ensure that all systems
operate correctly. Examples of relationships are input to or output from a system to its environment.
EXAMPLE Load-bearing system, roof system, wall system, HVAC system, drainage system, electrical system,
communication system, transportation system, planting system, painting system, hospital system, ecosystem,
landscape system, repair system, management system, educational system, window system, suspension system,
hinge system, fan system, prefabrication system, procurement system.
Systems can consist of sub-systems in different compositional levels. By subdividing or structuring a
system in sub-systems, using part-of relations, large sets of information in a complex design can be
handled in smaller parts. Compositional structuring may, thus, provide an overview of a system, e.g. for
the purpose of understanding, establishing, and modifying. A system of systems brings together a set of
systems for a task that none of the systems can accomplish on its own.
An object is a part if when added to a whole, the whole still remains, e.g. if a brick is added to or subtracted
from a wall system, the whole is still a wall system, or if a wall system is added to a construction entity,
the whole is still a construction entity.
Parts may be identified from different aspects. Depending on the aspect, there may be different part-
whole relations, the following are examples:
— using a functional aspect, the function of a part is fundamental to the function of the whole;
— using a spatial aspect, the spatial extension of a part is included in that of the whole;
— using an assembly aspect, the part-whole relation means that the existence of a physical part
precedes the existence of the whole.
The structuring principles recognize the stage within the life-cycle as important for the application of
different structures based on different aspects of the system of interest.
4.5 Other classification tables
This International Standard provides guidelines for recommended tables related to the basic process
model described in 4.1. The corresponding recommended tables are given in Clause 5. A general
description of classification concepts is given in Annex B.
It may be necessary to use other sorting criteria or classification schemes than described within the
context of this International Standard. Subsequently, comparison with other similar classification tables
could be difficult.
To comply with this International Standard, other classification tables shall be constructed in accordance
with the guidelines given in ISO 22274, with a supporting document which clearly states the sorting
criteria and classification scheme applied within the classification system developed.
4.6 Properties
Members of classes have properties. These properties can be used to define and subdivide the classes
to finer levels of detail.
© ISO 2015 – All
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 12006-2
Deuxième édition
2015-05-01
Construction immobilière —
Organisation de l'information des
travaux de construction —
Partie 2:
Cadre pour les classifications
Building construction — Organization of information about
construction works —
Part 2: Framework for classification
Numéro de référence
ISO 12006-2:2015(F)
©
ISO 2015

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ISO 12006-2:2015(F)

DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2015
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO 12006-2:2015(F)

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
3.1 Généralités . 1
3.2 Ressource de construction . 3
3.3 Processus de construction . 3
3.4 Résultat de construction . 4
3.5 Propriété de construction . 5
4 Principes de base . 5
4.1 Objet et modèle de processus . 5
4.2 Classification et composition . 7
4.3 Classification («type de») . 8
4.4 Systèmes et structuration compositionnelle («partie de») . 8
4.5 Autres tableaux de classification . 8
4.6 Propriétés . 9
5 Tableaux de classification recommandés . 9
Annexe A (informative) Intitulés et exemples de tableaux de classification .11
Annexe B (informative) Concepts de classification .21
Bibliographie .24
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ISO 12006-2:2015(F)

Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/ directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation
de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes de l’OMC
concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: www .iso .org/ iso/ fr/
foreword .html.
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est l’ISO/TC 59, Bâtiments et ouvrages de génie
civil, sous-comité SC 13, Organisation de l’information des travaux de construction.
Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition (ISO 12006-2:2001), qui a fait l’objet
d’une révision technique.
L’ISO 12006 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Construction immobilière —
Organisation de l’information des travaux de construction:
— Partie 2: Cadre pour les classifications
— Partie 3: Schéma pour l’information basée sur l’objet
Les Annexes A et B de la présente partie de l’ISO 12006 sont données uniquement à titre d’information.
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ISO 12006-2:2015(F)

Introduction
0.1  Contexte
La présente partie de l’ISO 12006 a été élaborée pour la première fois alors qu’il y avait peu de
normalisation internationale des systèmes de classification pour la construction. Depuis, plusieurs
systèmes de classification nationaux ont été développés, par exemple en Amérique du Nord, en
Scandinavie et au Royaume-Uni, en mettant en œuvre l’édition de 2001. Les enseignements tirés de ces
mises en œuvre ont été appliqués dans cette deuxième édition.
La présente partie de l’ISO 12006 a également été révisée pour tenir compte de l’évolution des
technologies de l’information (notamment la modélisation des informations de la construction) et
des marchés de la construction (par exemple, conception-construction et conception-construction-
exploitation). Elle a été étendue et les définitions ont été affinées pour mieux couvrir tous les secteurs
de la construction, y compris le bâtiment, le génie civil et même l’ingénierie des processus. Toutefois,
elle continue de s’appliquer aux technologies de l’information et aux méthodes de passation de marchés
traditionnelles.
Une enquête réalisée dans le cadre des travaux de cette édition a montré que les classifications les
plus utilisées restent les résultats des travaux (principalement pour les cahiers des charges) et les
éléments (principalement pour l’analyse des coûts). Il s’agit également des tableaux de classification
les plus variés, non seulement en termes de détail et de structure, mais aussi en ce qui concerne
l’éventail des objectifs auxquels ils sont destinés. Il existe d’autres classifications, potentiellement tout
aussi importantes, qui sont utilisées dans une moindre mesure, par exemple pour les produits et les
propriétés de construction.
0.2  Le besoin de normalisation
La modélisation des informations de la construction et les formes modernes de passation de marchés
exigent l’utilisation de toutes ces classes d’objets de construction, ainsi que de beaucoup d’autres. La
modélisation des informations de la construction, en particulier, concerne l’échange de tous types
d’informations au fil du projet et entre les participants et les applications. C’est également le cas pour
les formes coopératives de passation de marchés. Pour que cet échange soit fructueux, une approche
complète et cohérente de la classification des objets de construction est nécessaire au sein du projet et
entre les projets. La présente partie de l’ISO 12006 vise à faciliter cet échange.
Les types d’information comprennent les données géométriques, les données fonctionnelles et
techniques, les données de coût et les données de maintenance. La chronologie du projet s’étend de
son démarrage jusqu’à la démolition éventuelle. Les participants incluent les maîtres d’ouvrage, les
concepteurs, les autorités, les constructeurs, les utilisateurs finaux et les exploitants. Les applications
comprennent les systèmes de modélisation, de spécification, d’information sur les produits et
d’information sur les coûts. Encore aujourd’hui, des pressions demeurent pour que chacun d’eux
conserve, voire développe, sa propre classification en silo. Ce n’est pas viable dans le temps.
Bien que les classifications nationales qui mettent en œuvre la présente partie soient toujours
susceptibles de différer dans leurs détails (par exemple, en raison des différences de culture et de
législation en matière de construction), il convient que leur mapping reste assez simple. En effet,
elles utiliseront le même cadre général de classification et les mêmes définitions de classes d’objets
de construction, ce qui, à son tour, facilitera les travaux dans le cadre de projets de construction
internationaux (avec des participants de nombreux pays) et le développement d’applications destinées
à être utilisées à l’international.
0.3  Contenu de la présente partie
La présente partie de l’ISO 12006 définit un cadre pour les systèmes de classification du secteur de la
construction et identifie un ensemble de tableaux de classification recommandés et leur intitulé pour
une série de classes d’objets de construction en fonction de points de vue particuliers, avec l’appui de
définitions.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 12006-2:2015(F)
Construction immobilière — Organisation de l'information
des travaux de construction —
Partie 2:
Cadre pour les classifications
1 Domaine d’application
La présente partie de l’ISO 12006 définit un cadre pour l’élaboration de systèmes de classification du
cadre bâti. Elle identifie un ensemble d’intitulés de tableaux de classification recommandés pour une
série de classes d’objets d’information en fonction de points de vue particuliers, par exemple par forme
ou fonction, avec l’appui de définitions. Elle montre comment les classes d’objets répertoriées dans
chaque tableau sont liées, sous la forme d’une série de systèmes et de sous-systèmes, par exemple dans
un modèle d’informations de la construction.
La présente partie de l’ISO 12006 ne fournit pas de système de classification opérationnel complet,
ni le contenu des tableaux, bien que des exemples soient donnés. Elle est destinée aux organismes qui
élaborent et publient de tels systèmes et tableaux de classification, dont les détails peuvent varier en
fonction des besoins locaux. Toutefois, si la présente partie de l’ISO 12006 est appliquée pour l’élaboration
des systèmes et des tableaux de classification locaux, cela facilitera alors leur harmonisation mutuelle.
La présente partie de l’ISO 12006 s’applique à l’ensemble du cycle de vie des travaux de construction,
comprenant la préparation, la conception, la documentation, la construction, l’exploitation, la
maintenance et la démolition. Elle s’applique aux bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil, y compris les
services d’ingénierie et d’aménagement paysager connexes.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 22274, Systèmes de gestion de la terminologie, de la connaissance et du contenu — Aspects conceptuels
du développement et de la localisation des systèmes des classement
3 Termes et définitions
3.1 Généralités
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
NOTE 1 Les définitions sont présentées dans l’ordre suivant: ressource de construction, processus de
construction, résultat de construction et propriétés de construction.
NOTE 2 Dans les définitions, les termes définis ailleurs dans cet article sont indiqués en italique.
NOTE 3 Des exemples sont donnés à l’Annexe A.
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ISO 12006-2:2015(F)

3.1.1
objet
toute partie du monde qu’il est possible de percevoir ou de concevoir
Note 1 à l'article: Un objet est une chose abstraite ou physique vers laquelle s’oriente une pensée, un sentiment ou
une action.
3.1.2
objet de construction
objet (3.1.1) d’intérêt dans le contexte d’un processus de construction (3.3.2)
3.1.3
système de construction
objets de construction (3.1.2) agissant ensemble, organisés de façon à atteindre un ou plusieurs buts
Note 1 à l'article: Les systèmes de construction peuvent être classés conformément à la présente Norme
internationale.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 15288:2008, modifiée]
3.1.4
relation «type de»
relation entre deux concepts dans laquelle la compréhension de l’un des concepts inclut celle de l’autre
concept et au moins un caractère distinctif supplémentaire
Note 1 à l'article: La relation «type de» est également appelée relation générique.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.21]
3.1.5
relation «partie de»
relation entre deux objets de construction dans laquelle un objet constitue le tout et l’autre une partie
de ce tout
Note 1 à l'article: La relation «partie de» est également appelée relation partitive, relation partie-tout ou relation
tout-partie.
Note 2 à l'article: Voir également l’ISO/IEC 81346-1.
[SOURCE: ISO 1087-1:2000, 3.2.22, modifiée]
3.1.6
environnement naturel
environnement non artificiel de tout objet de construction (3.1.2) physique
3.1.7
cadre bâti
résultat de construction (3.4.6) physique destiné à servir une fonction ou une activité d’utilisateur
Note 1 à l'article: Le cadre bâti peut être considéré comme un système d’espace bâti ou de structure bâtie.
3.1.8
espace
étendue tridimensionnelle limitée, définie physiquement ou de manière théorique
3.1.9
espace d’activité
espace (3.1.8) défini par l’extension spatiale d’une activité
Note 1 à l'article: Extension spatiale d’une activité, par exemple une table ou un lit, et l’espace d’activité qui les
entoure.
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3.2 Ressource de construction
3.2.1
agent de construction
ressource humaine de construction (3.2.5) qui exécute un processus de construction (3.3.2)
3.2.2
aide à la construction
ressource de construction (3.2.5) destinée à faciliter l’exécution d’un processus de construction (3.3.2)
Note 1 à l'article: Une aide à la construction n’est généralement pas destinée à être incorporée de manière
permanente dans une entité de construction.
3.2.3
informations de construction
informations d’intérêt dans un processus de construction (3.3.2)
Note 1 à l'article: Les informations de construction peuvent être considérées à la fois comme une ressource de
construction et comme un résultat de construction.
3.2.4
produit de construction
produit destiné à être utilisé comme ressource de construction (3.2.5)
Note 1 à l'article: Les produits de construction sont de complexité variable et peuvent, seuls ou conjointement
avec d’autres, constituer les parties de n’importe quel niveau d’assemblage des entités de construction.
3.2.5
ressource de construction
objet de construction (3.1.2) utilisé dans un processus de construction (3.3.2) pour obtenir un résultat de
construction (3.4.6)
3.3 Processus de construction
3.3.1
activité de construction
composant du processus de construction
3.3.2
processus de construction
processus qui utilise des ressources de construction (3.2.5) pour atteindre des résultats de
construction (3.4.6)
Note 1 à l'article: Chaque processus de construction peut être divisé en composants de processus.
Note 2 à l'article: Voir également l’ISO 22263:2008.
3.3.3
cycle de vie du processus de construction
séquence d’étapes du début à la fin du processus de construction (3.3.2)
3.3.4
processus de préconception
processus de construction (3.3.2) déterminant les propriétés de construction (3.5.1) pour le cadre bâti
(3.1.7) avant sa conception
3.3.5
processus de conception
processus de construction (3.3.2) déterminant les propriétés de construction (3.5.1) pour le cadre bâti
(3.1.7) avant qu’il ne devienne physique
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3.3.6
processus de production
processus de construction (3.3.2) donnant lieu à un cadre bâti (3.1.7)
Note 1 à l'article: Le processus de production inclut les processus de démolition et de recyclage.
3.3.7
processus de maintenance
processus de construction (3.3.2) préservant la fonction du cadre bâti (3.1.7) ou en assurant l’exploitation
3.3.8
gestion
activité de contrôle dans un processus de construction (3.3.2) exercée par un ou plusieurs agents de
construction
3.4 Résultat de construction
3.4.1
complexe de construction
ensemble d’une ou plusieurs entités de construction (3.4.2) destiné à servir au moins une fonction ou
une activité d’utilisateur
Note 1 à l'article: Un complexe de construction peut être analysé et les entités de construction qui le composent
peuvent être identifiées; par exemple, un aéroport est généralement composé des entités de construction piste,
tour de contrôle, aérogare, hangar pour avions, etc. Un parc d’activités est généralement composé d’un certain
nombre de bâtiments, de routes d’accès et d’aménagements paysagers (chacun étant une entité de construction à
part entière). Une autoroute de A à B est généralement composée de stations-service, de la chaussée autoroutière,
de ponts, de remblais, d’aménagements paysagers, etc.
3.4.2
entité de construction
unité indépendante du cadre bâti (3.1.7) ayant une forme et une structure spatiale caractéristiques,
destinée à servir au moins une fonction ou une activité d’utilisateur
Note 1 à l'article: Une entité de construction est l’unité de base du cadre bâti. Elle est reconnaissable en tant que
construction physiquement indépendante, même si certaines entités de construction peuvent être considérées
comme faisant partie d’un complexe de construction particulier. Les ouvrages annexes tels que les routes d’accès,
l’aménagement paysager, les branchements de service, peuvent être considérés comme faisant partie d’une entité
de construction. Inversement, lorsque les ouvrages annexes sont d’une ampleur suffisante, ils peuvent être
considérés comme des entités de construction à part entière.
3.4.3
élément de construction
constituant d’une entité de construction (3.4.2) ayant une fonction, une forme ou une position
caractéristique
Note 1 à l'article: Pour des raisons pratiques, par exemple lors de l’analyse des coûts d’une entité de construction,
il est essentiel que les éléments de construction s’excluent mutuellement, afin de s’assurer que chaque pièce soit
comptée une fois et une seule fois.
3.4.4
espace bâti
espace (3.1.8) défini par le cadre bâti (3.1.7) ou naturel (3.1.6), ou les deux, destiné à l’activité ou à
l’équipement des utilisateurs
Note 1 à l'article: Un espace bâti est, par exemple, une pièce définie par un plancher, un plafond et un mur, ou un
sentier, ou un corridor de lignes électriques défini par une forêt naturelle.
Note 2 à l'article: Les espaces occupés par les éléments de construction sont appelés espaces de construction et
sont traités comme des propriétés des éléments de construction eux-mêmes.
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3.4.5
zone
espace (3.1.8) ou espaces ayant une fonction particulière
Note 1 à l'article: Les zones peuvent être définies par des propriétés physiques ou théoriques, par exemple zone
de sécurité incendie, zone climatique, zone fumeurs et zone silencieuse.
3.4.6
résultat de construction
objet de construction (3.1.2) qui est formé ou dont l’état est modifié à la suite d’un ou plusieurs processus
de construction (3.3.2) utilisant une ou plusieurs ressources de construction (3.2.5)
3.4.7
cycle de vie du résultat de construction
période allant du démarrage à la démolition d’un résultat de construction (3.4.6)
3.4.8
résultat de travaux
vue du résultat de construction (3.4.6) par type d’activité professionnelle et de ressources utilisées
Note 1 à l'article: Un résultat de travaux de production peut être un élément de facilitation, par la création de
ressources.
3.5 Propriété de construction
3.5.1
propriété de construction
propriété d’un objet de construction (3.1.2)
4 Principes de base
4.1 Objet et modèle de processus
Ce texte est illustré par la Figure 1.
Le point de départ pour la conception de complexes de construction et d’entités de construction est
un besoin. La documentation des activités des utilisateurs et des exigences fonctionnelles représente
une part importante des informations nécessaires dans le processus de construction. Toutefois,
la classification des activités des utilisateurs n’est pas considérée comme relevant du domaine
d’application de la présente Norme internationale.
Les différentes classes spécifiées dans la norme sont reliées entre elles selon un modèle de processus de
base qui stipule qu’un processus de construction utilise des ressources de construction pour obtenir des
résultats de construction. Une structure principale est ainsi créée pour les classes les plus intéressantes.
L’étape du cycle de vie du processus de construction caractérise un processus de construction. Il existe
quatre principaux types de processus de construction: le processus de préconception, le processus de
conception, le processus de production et le processus de maintenance.
Les entités de construction permettent les activités des utilisateurs et répondent aux exigences
fonctionnelles. Elles peuvent être regroupées en complexes de construction. Les entités de construction
se composent d’éléments de construction qui peuvent être constitués de pièces de plusieurs niveaux de
complexité.
Un espace est un espace d’activité, un espace bâti ou un espace de construction. Un espace bâti est
défini par des résultats de construction. Les espaces peuvent avoir des relations spatiales telles que
«contenu dans» ou «adjacent à».
Les ressources de construction comprennent les produits de construction, les aides à la construction,
les agents de construction et les informations de construction. La différence entre une ressource
de construction et un résultat de construction est une question de relation avec un processus de
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construction et non de différence de classe d’objets. Par exemple, les informations de construction
peuvent être utilisées comme ressource pour renseigner et contrôler un processus de construction, ou
peuvent être le résultat d’un tel processus lui-même.
Les objets de construction présentent des propriétés de construction. Ces propriétés sont représentées
sous forme d’attributs dans les informations de construction.
Figure 1 — Classes et relation générale entre elles
La notation du schéma est sous la forme EXPRESS-G simplifiée.
Une ligne en gras se terminant par un cercle représente une relation «type de» et les lignes qui ne sont
pas en gras les autres relations. L’encadré arrondi représente une référence à un autre schéma.
La Figure 1 est simplifiée et il convient de la lire conjointement avec les autres parties de la présente
Norme internationale.
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4.2 Classification et composition
Les systèmes de classification peuvent, outre un ordre de niveau de spécialisation (classes et sous-
classes), avoir également un ordre de niveau de composition, appelé structuration compositionnelle.
Voir la Figure 2.
Figure 2 — Illustration d’une hiérarchie de classification et d’une hiérarchie de composition
À titre d’illustration, la Figure 2 montre que les nattes murales et l’isolation des conduits sont des classes
d’isolation subordonnées et peuvent faire partie d’un système de mur et d’un système de ventilation
respectivement.
NOTE La Figure 2 illustre le principe qui sous-tend chaque type de hiérarchie («type de» et «partie de»). La
représentation graphique est basée sur l’ISO 1087, Annexe A.1. Elle sert à illustrer le principe et ne vise en aucun
cas à normaliser une classe, une sous-classe, des ensembles ou des parties.
La Figure 3 montre une combinaison de composition et de classification.
Figure 3 — Illustration d’une combinaison de composition et de classification
NOTE La Figure 3 sert à illustrer le principe et ne vise en aucun cas à normaliser une classe, une sous-classe,
des ensembles ou des parties.
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4.3 Classification («type de»)
Le but de la classification est de distinguer les objets d’une collection en fonction de propriétés d’intérêt.
Les classes sont définies par des attributs représentant les propriétés d’intérêt.
Dans un premier temps, il faut déterminer les propriétés communes à l’ensemble de la collection. La
classe résultante est la plus générale de la classification. Ensuite, la classe générale peut être subdivisée
en classes plus spécialisées en plusieurs étapes en fonction des différences dans les propriétés d’intérêt.
La subdivision donne lieu à des classes allant du général au spécialisé. Les classes sont ordonnées en
niveaux déterminés par la relation «type de», où les classes spécifiques sont des types de classes plus
générales. Les objets classés sont des membres des classes.
4.4 Systèmes et structuration compositionnelle («partie de»)
Le concept de système n’est pas lié à un domaine spécifique, mais est à utiliser au sens large.
Dans le contexte de la présente Norme internationale, tous les objets peuvent être considérés comme
des systèmes.
L’approche systémique permet à un concepteur de gérer les ensembles (par opposition aux parties). En
identifiant les systèmes connexes, les relations entre ceux-ci peuvent être déterminées et contrôlées,
par exemple pour s’assurer que tous les systèmes fonctionnent correctement. Des exemples de relations
sont les éléments d’entrée ou de sortie d’un système dans son environnement.
EXEMPLE Système porteur, système de toiture, système de mur, système de CVC, système de drainage,
système électrique, système de communication, système de transport, système de plantation, système de
pei
...