Environmental solid matrices — Determination of elemental composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

This document specifies the procedure for a quantitative determination of major and trace element concentrations in homogeneous solid waste, soil, soil-like material and sludge by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry using a calibration with matrix-matched standards. This document is applicable for the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U. Concentration levels between approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the element and the instrument used.

Matrices solides environnementales — Détermination de la composition élémentaire par spectrométrie de fluorescence X

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Start Date
12-Sep-2025
Completion Date
12-Sep-2025
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ISO/FDIS 18227 - Environmental solid matrices — Determination of elemental composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry Released:29. 08. 2025
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Standards Content (Sample)


FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 190/SC 3
Environmental solid matrices —
Secretariat: DIN
Determination of elemental
Voting begins on:
composition by X-ray fluorescence
2025-09-12
spectrometry
Voting terminates on:
2025-11-07
Matrices solides environnementales — Détermination de la
composition élémentaire par spectrométrie de fluorescence X
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 190/SC 3
Environmental solid matrices —
Secretariat: DIN
Determination of elemental
Voting begins on:
composition by X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry
Voting terminates on:
Matrices solides environnementales — Détermination de la
composition élémentaire par spectrométrie de fluorescence X
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety remarks . 3
5 Principle . 3
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Reagents . 4
8 Interferences and sources of error . 5
9 Sample preparation . 5
9.1 General .5
9.2 Drying and determination of dry mass .5
9.3 Preparation of pressed pellet .6
9.4 Preparation of fused beads .6
10 Procedure . 7
10.1 Analytical measurement conditions .7
10.1.1 Wavelength dispersive instruments .7
10.1.2 Intensities and background corrections .7
10.1.3 Counting time .7
10.1.4 Energy dispersive instruments .7
10.1.5 Intensities and background corrections .7
10.2 Calibration .7
10.2.1 General .7
10.2.2 General calibration procedure .8
10.2.3 Internal standard correction using Compton (incoherent) scattering method .8
10.2.4 Fundamental parameter approach .9
10.2.5 Fundamental or theoretical influence coefficient method .9
10.2.6 Empirical alpha correction.10
10.2.7 Calibration procedure for trace elements using the pressed pellet method .10
10.2.8 Calibration procedure for major and minor oxides using the fused bead method . 12
10.3 Analysis of the samples . 13
11 Quality control .13
11.1 Drift correction procedure . 13
11.2 Blank test . 13
11.3 Reference materials . 13
11.4 Performance data .14
12 Calculation of the result . 14
13 Test report . 14
Annex A (informative) Semi-quantitative screening analysis of waste, sludge and soil samples .15
Annex B (informative) Examples for operational steps of the sample preparation for soil and
waste samples .18
Annex C (informative) Suggested analytical lines, crystals and operating conditions .24
Annex D (informative) List of reference materials applicable for XRF analysis .26
Annex E (informative) Validation .27
Bibliography .37

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical
and physical characterization, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 444, Environmental characterization of solid matrices, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18227:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the contents of the two almost identical standards ISO 18277:2014 and EN 15309:2007 have been
combined;
— normative references have been revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is a fast and re
...


ISO/DISFDIS 18227:2025(en)
ISO/TC 190/SC 3/WG 1
Date: 2025-07-09
Secretariat: DIN
Date: 2025-08-28
Environmental solid matrices — Determination of elemental
composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
Matrices solides environnementales — Détermination de la composition élémentaire par spectrométrie de
fluorescence X
FDIS stage
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Safety remarks . 3
5 Principle . 3
6 Apparatus . 3
7 Reagents . 4
8 Interferences and sources of error . 5
9 Sample preparation . 5
9.1 General . 5
9.2 Drying and determination of dry mass . 6
9.3 Preparation of pressed pellet . 6
9.4 Preparation of fused beads . 6
10 Procedure . 7
10.1 Analytical measurement conditions . 7
10.2 Calibration . 8
10.3 Analysis of the samples . 13
11 Quality control . 14
11.1 Drift correction procedure . 14
11.2 Blank test . 14
11.3 Reference materials . 14
11.4 Performance data . 14
12 Calculation of the result . 14
13 Test report . 14
Annex A (informative) Semi-quantitative screening analysis of waste, sludge and soil samples 16
Annex B (informative) Examples for operational steps of the sample preparation for soil and
waste samples . 19
Annex C (informative) Suggested analytical lines, crystals and operating conditions . 29
Annex D (informative) List of reference materials applicable for XRF analysis . 31
Annex E (informative) Validation . 32
Bibliography . 43

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO [had/had not] received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this
may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO'sISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical
and physical characterization, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 444, Environmental characterization of solid matrices, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18227:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— — the contents of the two almost identical standards ISO 18277:2014 and EN 15309:2007 have been
combined;
— — normative references have been revised.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry is a fast and reliable method for the quantitative analysis of the total
content of certain elements within different matrices.
The quality of the results obtained depends very closely on the type of instrument used, e.g. bench top or high
performance, energy dispersive or wavelength dispersive instruments. When selecting a specific instrument
several factors should be considered, such as the matrices to be analysed, elements to be determined,
detection limits required and the measuring time. The quality of the results depends on the element to be
determined and on the surrounding matrix.
Due to the wide range of matrix compositions and the lack of suitable reference materials in the case of
inhomogeneous matrices such as waste, it is generally difficult to set up a calibration with matrix- matched
reference materials.
Therefore, this standarddocument describes two different procedures:
— — a quantitative analytical procedure required for homogeneous solid waste, soil and soil-like material,
where the calibration is based on matrix-matched standards;
— — an optional XRF screening method for solid and liquid material as waste, sludge and soil in
Annex AAnnex A which provides a total element characterization at a semi-quantitative level, where the
calibration is based on matrix-independent calibration curves, previously set up by the manufacturer.
v
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 18227:2024(en)

Environmental solid matrices — Determination of elemental
composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
1 Scope
This document specifies the procedure for a quantitative determination of major and trace element
concentrations in homogeneous solid waste, soil, soil-like material and sludge by energy dispersive X-ray
fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry or wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometry
using a calibration with matrix-matched standards.
This document is applicable for the following elements: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,
Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, Ta, W, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th and U. Concentration
levels between a mass fraction of approximately 0,000 1 % and 100 % can be determined depending on the
element and the instrument used.
An optional XRF screening method for solid and liquid material as waste, sludge and soil is added in
Annex AAnnex A which provides a total element characterization at a semi-quantitative level, where the
calibration is based on matrix-independent calibration curves, previously set up by the manufacturer.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 3.1
absorption edge
jump of the mass absorption coefficient at a specific wavelength or energy
3.2 3.2
analytical line
specific characteristic X-ray spectral line of the atom or ion of the analyte used for determination of the analyte
content
3.3 3.3
continuous radiation
electromagnetic radiation produced by the acceleration of a charged particle, such as an electron, when
deflected by another charged particle, such as an atomic nucleus
3.4 3.4
Compton-line
spectral line due to incoherent scattering (Compton-effect) occurring when the incident X-ray photon strikes
an atom without promoting fluorescence
Note 1 to entry: Energy is lost in the collision and therefore the resulting scattered X-ray photon is of lower energy than
the incident X-ray photon.
3.5 3.5
drift correction monitor
physically stable sample used to correct for instrumental drift
3.6 3.6
fused bead
analyte sample prepared by dissolution in a flux
3.7 3.7
liquid sample
analyte sample submitted as a solution for direct measurement in the sample cup
3.8 3.8
mass absorption coefficient
constant describing the fractional decrease in the intensity of a beam of X-radiation as it passes through an
absorbing medium
Note 1 to entry: This is expressed in units of cm /g.
Note 2 to entry: The mass absorption coefficient is a function of the wavelength of the absorbed radiation and the atomic
number of the absorbing element.
3.9 3.9
powder sample
analyte sample submitted as a powder for direct measurement in the sample cup
3.10 3.10
precision
the closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained under stipulated conditions
Note 1 to entry: Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors and does not relate to the true value or the
specified value.
Note 2 to entry: The measure of precision is usually expressed in terms of imprecision
...


PROJET FINAL
Norme
internationale
ISO/TC 190/SC 3
Matrices solides
Secrétariat: DIN
environnementales —
Début de vote:
Détermination de la composition
2025-09-12
élémentaire par spectrométrie de
Vote clos le:
fluorescence X
2025-11-07
Environmental solid matrices — Determination of elemental
composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET SONT
INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSERVATIONS,
NOTIFICATION DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS
AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE ET À
FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION EXPLICATIVE.
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS
INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COM-MERCIALES,
AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE DES UTILISATEURS, LES
PROJETS DE NORMES
TRAITEMENT PARALLÈLE ISO/CEN
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE CONSIDÉRÉS
DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR POSSI BILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES
NORMES POUVANT
SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA RÉGLEMENTATION
NATIONALE.
Numéro de référence
PROJET FINAL
Norme
internationale
ISO/TC 190/SC 3
Matrices solides
Secrétariat: DIN
environnementales —
Début de vote:
Détermination de la composition
2025-09-12
élémentaire par spectrométrie de
Vote clos le:
fluorescence X
2025-11-07
Environmental solid matrices — Determination of elemental
composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
LES DESTINATAIRES DU PRÉSENT PROJET SONT
INVITÉS À PRÉSENTER, AVEC LEURS OBSERVATIONS,
NOTIFICATION DES DROITS DE PROPRIÉTÉ DONT ILS
AURAIENT ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE ET À
FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION EXPLICATIVE.
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
OUTRE LE FAIT D’ÊTRE EXAMINÉS POUR
ÉTABLIR S’ILS SONT ACCEPTABLES À DES FINS
© ISO 2025 INDUSTRIELLES, TECHNOLOGIQUES ET COM-MERCIALES,
AINSI QUE DU POINT DE VUE DES UTILISATEURS, LES
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
PROJETS DE NORMES
TRAITEMENT PARALLÈLE ISO/CEN
INTERNATIONALES DOIVENT PARFOIS ÊTRE CONSIDÉRÉS
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR POSSI BILITÉ DE DEVENIR DES
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
NORMES POUVANT
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
SERVIR DE RÉFÉRENCE DANS LA RÉGLEMENTATION
NATIONALE.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse Numéro de référence
ii
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Consignes de sécurité . 3
5 Principe. 3
6 Appareillage . 3
7 Réactifs . 4
8 Interférences et sources d’erreurs . 5
9 Préparation de l’échantillon . 5
9.1 Généralités .5
9.2 Séchage et détermination de la masse sèche .6
9.3 Préparation de pastilles pressées .6
9.4 Préparation des perles fondues .6
10 Mode opératoire . 7
10.1 Conditions de mesurage analytique .7
10.1.1 Instruments dispersifs en longueur d’onde .7
10.1.2 Intensités et corrections du bruit de fond .7
10.1.3 Temps de comptage .7
10.1.4 Instruments dispersifs en énergie .8
10.1.5 Intensités et corrections du bruit de fond .8
10.2 Étalonnage .8
10.2.1 Généralités .8
10.2.2 Mode opératoire général d’étalonnage .8
10.2.3 Correction à l’aide d’un étalon interne en utilisant la méthode de diffusion
(non cohérente) Compton .9
10.2.4 Approche basée sur des paramètres fondamentaux .9
10.2.5 Méthode des coefficients d’influence théoriques ou fondamentaux .10
10.2.6 Correction des coefficients alpha empiriques .10
10.2.7 Mode opératoire d’étalonnage pour les éléments traces en utilisant la méthode
de la pastille pressée . .11
10.2.8 Mode opératoire d’étalonnage pour les oxydes mineurs et majeurs en utilisant
la méthode de la perle fondue . 13
10.3 Analyse des échantillons . 13
11 Contrôle qualité . 14
11.1 Mode opératoire de correction de la dérive .14
11.2 Essai à blanc .14
11.3 Matériaux de référence .14
11.4 Données de performance .14
12 Calcul des résultats .15
13 Rapport d’essai .15
Annexe A (informative) Analyse de balayage semi-quantitative d’échantillons de déchets, de
boues et de sols .16
Annexe B (informative) Exemples d’étapes opératoires pour la préparation d’échantillons de
sols et de déchets . 19
Annexe C (informative) Suggestions de raies analytiques, cristaux et conditions de
fonctionnement .25

iii
Annexe D (informative) Liste de matériaux de référence utilisables en analyse XRF .27
Annexe E (informative) Validation .28
Bibliographie .38

iv
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes nationaux
de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est en général
confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire
partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux. L’ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document
a été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2
(voir www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner l’utilisation
d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité et à l’applicabilité de
tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent document, l’ISO n’avait pas reçu
notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa mise en application. Toutefois, il y a lieu
d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent document que des informations plus récentes
sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de brevets, disponible à l’adresse www.iso.org/brevets.
L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de brevet.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
...

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