CISPR 16-2-3:2010

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 3.0 2010-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesures
des perturbations rayonnées
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CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 3.0 2010-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES
BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité – Mesures
des perturbations rayonnées
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
XD
CODE PRIX
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-88910-013-2
– 2 – CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.6
1 Scope.8
2 Normative references .8
3 Terms and definitions .9
4 Types of disturbance to be measured .13
4.1 General .13
4.2 Types of disturbance .13
4.3 Detector functions .14
5 Connection of measuring equipment.14
6 General measurement requirements and conditions .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Disturbance not produced by the equipment under test .14
6.2.1 General .14
6.2.2 Compliance (conformity assessment) testing .14
6.3 Measurement of continuous disturbance.15
6.3.1 Narrowband continuous disturbance .15
6.3.2 Broadband continuous disturbance.15
6.3.3 Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers.15
6.4 Operating conditions of the EUT.15
6.4.1 Normal load conditions .15
6.4.2 The time of operation.15
6.4.3 Running-in time .15
6.4.4 Supply .16
6.4.5 Mode of operation.16
6.5 Interpretation of measuring results .16
6.5.1 Continuous disturbance .16
6.5.2 Discontinuous disturbance.16
6.6 Measurement times and scan rates for continuous disturbance .16
6.6.1 General .16
6.6.2 Minimum measurement times .17
6.6.3 Scan rates for scanning receivers and spectrum analyzers.17
6.6.4 Scan times for stepping receivers .18
6.6.5 Strategies for obtaining a spectrum overview using the peak detector .19
7 Measurement of radiated disturbances .22
7.1 Introductory remarks .22
7.2 Loop-antenna system measurements (9 kHz to 30 MHz) .23
7.2.1 General .23
7.2.2 General measurement method.23
7.2.3 Test environment.24
7.2.4 Configuration of the equipment under test .24
7.2.5 Measurement uncertainty for LAS.25
7.3 Open-area test site or semi-anechoic chamber measurements (30 MHz to
1 GHz) .25
7.3.1 Measurand .25
7.3.2 Test site requirements .26
7.3.3 General measurement method.26

CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010 – 3 –
7.3.4 Measurement distance.27
7.3.5 Antenna height variation.27
7.3.6 Product specification details .27
7.3.7 Measurement instrumentation.29
7.3.8 Field-strength measurements on other outdoor sites.29
7.3.9 Measurement uncertainty for OATS and SAC .29
7.4 Fully-anechoic room measurements (30 MHz to 1 GHz) .30
7.4.1 Test set-up and site geometry .30
7.4.2 EUT position.32
7.4.3 Cable layout and termination .33
7.4.4 Measurement uncertainty for FAR .34
7.5 Radiated emission measurement method (30 MHz to 1 GHz) and radiated
immunity test method (80 MHz to 1 GHz) with common test set-up in semi-
anechoic chamber .34
7.5.1 Applicability .34
7.5.2 EUT perimeter definition and antenna-to-EUT separation distance .34
7.5.3 Uniform test volume.35
7.5.4 Specifications for EUT set-up in common emissions/immunity test
setup .36
7.5.5 Measurement uncertainty for common emission/immunity set-up and
method .41
7.6 Fully-anechoic room and absorber-lined OATS/SAC measurements (1 GHz
to 18 GHz).41
7.6.1 Quantity to measure .41
7.6.2 Measurement distance.41
7.6.3 Set-up and operating conditions of the equipment under test (EUT).41
7.6.4 Measurement site .42
7.6.5 Measurement instrumentation.42
7.6.6 Measurement procedure .42
7.6.7 Measurement uncertainty for FAR .49
7.7 In situ measurements (9 kHz to 18 GHz) .49
7.7.1 Applicability of and preparation for in situ measurements .49
7.7.2 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range 9 kHz to
30 MHz.50
7.7.3 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range above
30 MHz.51
7.7.4 In situ measurement of the disturbance effective radiated power
using the substitution method .52
7.7.5 Documentation of the measurement results .56
7.7.6 Measurement uncertainty for in situ method .56
7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) .56
7.8.1 General .56
7.8.2 Test site .56
7.8.3 Test antennas.57
7.8.4 EUT configuration.57
7.8.5 Test procedure .57
7.8.6 Measurement uncertainty for substitution method .58
7.9 Reverberation chamber measurements (80 MHz to 18 GHz).58
7.10 TEM waveguide measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) .58
8 Automated measurement of emissions .58

– 4 – CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010
8.1 Introduction – precautions for automated measurements.58
8.2 Generic measurement procedure.59
8.3 Pre-scan measurements.59
8.3.1 General .59
8.3.2 Determination of the required measurement time.59
8.3.3 Pre-scan requirements for different types of measurements .60
8.4 Data reduction.61
8.5 Emission maximization and final measurement.62
8.6 Post-processing and reporting.63
Annex A (informative) Measurement of disturbances in the presence of ambient
emissions .64
Annex B (informative) Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers .78
Annex C (informative) Scan rates and measurement times for use with the average
detector .81
Annex D (informative) Explanation of APD measurement method applying to the
compliance test.85
Annex E (normative) Determination of suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance
tests .87
Bibliography.88

Figure 1 – Measurement of a combination of a CW signal (NB) and an impulsive signal
(BB) using multiple sweeps with maximum hold .19
Figure 2 – Example of a timing analysis.20
Figure 3 – A broadband spectrum measured with a stepped receiver .21
Figure 4 – Intermittent narrowband disturbances measured using fast short repetitive
sweeps with maximum hold function to obtain an overview of the emission spectrum.22
Figure 5 – Concept of magnetic field induced current measurements made with the
loop antenna system.24
Figure 6 – Concept of electric field strength measurements made on an open-area test
site (OATS) or semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) showing the direct and reflected rays
arriving at the receiving antenna .26
Figure 7 – Typical FAR site geometry, where a, b, c, e depend upon the room
performance .30
Figure 8 – Typical test set-up for table-top equipment within the test volume of a FAR .31
Figure 9 – Typical test set-up for floor-standing equipment within the test volume of a
FAR .32
Figure 10 – Positions of reference planes for uniform field calibration (top-view) .35
Figure 11 – Test set-up for table-top equipment.39
Figure 12 – Test set-up for table-top equipment – Top view .39
Figure 13 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment .40
Figure 14 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment – Top view .40
Figure 15 – Measurement method above 1 GHz, receive antenna in vertical
polarization.43
Figure 16 – Illustration of height scan requirements for two different categories of
EUTs .45
Figure 17 – Determination of the transition distance .55
Figure 18 – Substitution method set-up geometries for: a) measurement, b) calibration .57
Figure 19 – Process to give reduction of measurement time .59

CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010 – 5 –
Figure A.1 – Flow diagram for the selection of bandwidths and detectors and the
estimated measurement errors due to that selection .66
Figure A.2 – Relative difference in adjacent emission amplitudes during preliminary
testing .68
Figure A.3 – Disturbance by an unmodulated signal (dotted line) .69
Figure A.4 – Disturbance by an amplitude-modulated signal (dotted line).69
Figure A.5 – Indication of an amplitude-modulated signal as a function of modulation
frequency with the QP detector in CISPR bands B, C and D .70
Figure A.6 – Indication of a pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 μs) as a function of
pulse repetition frequency with peak, QP and average detectors.71
Figure A.7 – Disturbance by a broadband signal (dotted line) .71
Figure A.8 – Unmodulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) .72
Figure A.9 – Amplitude-modulated EUT disturbance (dotted line).73
Figure A.10 – Increase of peak value with superposition of two unmodulated signals.74
Figure A.11 – Determination of the amplitude of the disturbance signal by means of the
amplitude ratio d and the factor i [see Equation (A.3) and Equation (A.6)].75
Figure A.12 – Increase of average indication measured with a real receiver and
calculated from Equation (A.8).76
Figure C.1 – Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average detections
with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant 160 ms .83
Figure C.2 – Weighting functions of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average
detections with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant
100 ms.83
Figure C.3 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 160 ms .84
Figure C.4 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 100 ms .84
Figure D.1 – Example of APD measurement Method 1 for fluctuating disturbances .85
Figure D.2 – Example of APD measurement Method 2 for fluctuating disturbances .86

Table 1 – Minimum scan times for the three CISPR bands with peak and quasi-peak
detectors .17
Table 2 – Applicable frequency ranges and document references for CISPR radiated
emission test sites and test methods.23
Table 3 – Minimum dimension of w (w ) .44
min
Table 4 – Example values of w for three antenna types.45
Table 5 – Horizontal polarization correction factors as a function of frequency.54
Table 6 – Recommended antenna heights to guarantee signal interception (for pre-
scan) in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz .61
Table A.1 – Combinations of EUT disturbance and ambient emissions.65
Table A.2 – Measurement error depending on the detector type and on the combination
of ambient and disturbing signal spectra .77
Table C.1 – Pulse suppression factors and scan rates for a 100 Hz video bandwidth .82
Table C.2 – Meter time constants and the corresponding video bandwidths and
maximum scan rates .82
Table E.1 – Maximum amplitude difference between peak and quasi-peak detected
signals .87

– 6 – CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
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2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
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3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
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between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard CISPR 16-2-3 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This third edition of CISPR 16-2-3 cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2006.
It is a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition: addition of the measurand for radiated emissions measurements in an OATS and a
SAC in the range of 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz, and addition of a new normative annex on the
determination of suitability of spectrum analysers for compliance tests. Also, numerous
maintenance items are addressed to make the standard current with respect to other parts of
the CISPR 16 series.
CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010 – 7 –
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
CISPR/A/886/FDIS CISPR/A/892/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, can be found on the IEC
website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 8 – CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements

1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the methods of measurement of radiated disturbance
phenomena in the frequency range of 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The aspects of measurement
uncertainty are specified in CISPR 16-4-1 and CISPR 16-4-2.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16-2-3 is a basic EMC publication for use by product
committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the
applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product
committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CISPR 14-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission
CISPR 16-1-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Ancillary
equipment – Conducted disturbances
Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2006)
CISPR 16-1-4:2010, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Ancillary
equipment – Radiated disturbances
CISPR 16-2-1:2008, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted
disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-4-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Uncertainties in
standardized EMC tests
CISPR 16-4-2, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 4-2: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Uncertainty in EMC
measurements
CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010 – 9 –
CISPR 16-4-5, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 4-5: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Conditions for the use of
alternative test methods
IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161:
Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment 2 (1998)
IEC 61000-4-3:2006, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3: Testing and
measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
Amendment 1 (2007)
IEC 61000-4-20, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-20: Testing and measurement
techniques – Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161, as well
as the following apply.
3.1
absorber-lined OATS/SAC
OATS or SAC with ground plane partially covered by RF-energy absorbing material
3.2
ancillary equipment
transducers (e.g. current and voltage probes and artificial networks) connected to a
measuring receiver or (test) signal generator and used in the disturbance signal transfer
between the EUT and the measuring or test equipment
3.3
antenna beam
main lobe of the antenna pattern (gain pattern) of the receive antenna (usually the direction
with maximum sensitivity or lowest antenna factor) that is directed towards the EUT
3.4
antenna beamwidth
angle between the half-power (3 dB) points of the main lobe of the antenna beam, when
referenced to the maximum power of the main lobe. It may be expressed for the H plane or for
the E plane of the antenna
NOTE Antenna beamwidth is expressed in degrees.
3.5
associated equipment
AE
apparatus, that is not part of the system under test, but needed to help exercise the EUT
3.6
auxiliary equipment
AuxEq
peripheral equipment that is part of the system under test
3.7
basic standard
standard that has a wide-ranging coverage or contains general provisions for one particular
field
– 10 – CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010
NOTE A basic standard may function as a standard for direct application or as a basis for other standards.
[ISO/IEC Guide 2, definition 5.1]
3.8
coaxial cable
cable containing one or more coaxial lines, typically used for a matched connection of
ancillary equipment to the measuring equipment or (test-) signal generator providing a
specified characteristic impedance and a specified maximum allowable cable transfer
impedance
3.9
common-mode absorption device
CMAD
device that may be applied on cables leaving the test volume in radiated emission
measurements to reduce the compliance uncertainty
[CISPR 16-1-4, 3.1.4]
3.10
conformity assessment
demonstration that specified requirements relating to a product, process, system, person or
body are fulfilled
NOTE The subject field of conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere in ISO/IEC 17000:2004,
such as testing, inspection and certification, as well as the accreditation of conformity assessment bodies.
[ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 2.1, modified]
3.11
continuous disturbance
RF disturbance with duration of more than 200 ms at the IF-output of a measuring receiver
that causes a deflection on the meter of a measuring receiver in quasi-peak detection mode,
and that does not decrease immediately
[IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-02-11, modified]
3.12
(electromagnetic) emission
phenomenon by that electromagnetic energy emanates from a source
[IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-01-08]
3.13
emission limit (from a disturbing source)
specified maximum emission level of a source of electromagnetic disturbance
[IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-03-12]
3.14
equipment-under-test
EUT
equipment (devices, appliances and systems) subjected to EMC (emission) compliance
(conformity assessment) tests
3.15
fully-anechoic room
FAR
shielded enclosure, the internal surfaces of which are lined with radio-frequency-energy
absorbing material (i.e. RF absorber) that absorbs electromagnetic energy in the frequency
range of interest
CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010 – 11 –
3.16
loop-antenna system
LAS
antenna system consisting of three orthogonally-oriented loop antennas that are used to
measure the three orthogonal magnetic dipole moments of an EUT located in the centre of the
three loops
3.17
measurement, scan and sweep times
3.17.1
measurement time
T
m
effective, coherent time for a measurement result at a single frequency (in some areas also
called dwell time)
– for the peak detector, the effective time to detect the maximum of the signal envelope
– for the quasi-peak detector, the effective time to measure the maximum of the weighted
envelope
– for the average detector, the effective time to average the signal envelope
– for the rms detector, the effective time to determine the rms of the signal envelope
3.17.2
scan
continuous or stepped frequency variation over a given frequency span
3.17.3
span
Δf
difference between stop and start frequencies of a sweep or scan
3.17.4
sweep
continuous frequency variation over a given frequency span
3.17.5
sweep or scan rate
frequency span divided by the sweep or scan time
3.17.6
sweep or scan time
T
s
time between start and stop frequencies of a sweep or scan
3.17.7
observation time
T
o
sum of measurement times T on a certain frequency in case of multiple sweeps; if n is the
m
number of sweeps or scans, then T = n × T
o m
3.17.8
total observation time
T
tot
effective time for an overview of the spectrum (either single or multiple sweeps); if c is the
number of channels within a scan or sweep, then T = c × n × T
tot m
– 12 – CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010
3.18
measuring receiver
instrument such as a tunable voltmeter, an EMI receiver, a spectrum analyzer or an FFT-
based measuring instrument, with or without preselection, that meets the relevant parts of
CISPR 16-1-1
3.19
number of sweeps per time unit (e.g. per second)
n
S
reciprocal of the sum of sweep time and retrace time, i.e. 1 / (sweep time + retrace time)
3.20
open-area test site
OATS
facility used for measurements of electromagnetic fields the intention for which is to simulate
a semi-free-space environment over a specified frequency range that is used for radiated
emission testing of products. An OATS typically is located outdoors in an open area, and has
an electrically-conducting ground plane.
3.21
product standard
standard that specifies requirements to be fulfilled by a product or group of products, to
establish its fitness for purpose
NOTE 1 A product standard may include, in addition to the fitness-for-purpose requirements, directly or by
reference, aspects such as terminology, sampling, testing, packaging and labelling and, sometimes, processing
requirements.
NOTE 2 A product standard can either be complete or not, according to whether it specifies all or only a part of
the necessary requirements. In this respect, one may differentiate between standards such as dimensional,
material and technical delivery standards.
[ISO/IEC Guide 2, definition 5.4]
3.22
semi-anechoic chamber
SAC
shielded enclosure in which five of the six internal surfaces are lined with radio-frequency-
energy absorbing material (i.e. RF absorber) that absorbs electromagnetic energy in the
frequency range of interest, and the bottom horizontal surface is a conducting ground plane
for use with OATS test set
3.23
test configuration
combination that gives the specified measurement arrangement of the EUT in which an
emission level is measured
3.24
weighting (of e.g. impulsive disturbance)
pulse-repetition-frequency (PRF) dependent conversion (mostly reduction) of a peak-detected
impulse voltage level to an indication that corresponds to the interference effect on radio
reception
NOTE 1 For the analogue receiver, the psychophysical annoyance of the interference is a subjective quantity
(audible or visual) usually not a certain number of misunderstandings of a spoken text
NOTE 2 For the digital receiver, the interference effect is an objective quantity that may be defined by the critical
bit error ratio (BER) or bit error probability (BEP) for that perfect error correction can still occur or by another,
objective and reproducible parameter

CISPR 16-2-3 © IEC:2010 – 13 –
3.24.1
weighted disturbance measurement
measurement of disturbance using a weighting detector
3.24.2
weighting characteristic
peak voltage level as a function of PRF for a constant effect on a specific radiocommunication
system, i.e. the disturbance is weighted by the radiocommunication system itself
3.24.3
weighting detector
detector that provides an agreed weighting function
3.24.4
weighting factor
value of the weighting function relative to a reference PRF or relative to the peak value
NOTE Weighting factor is expressed in dB.
3.24.5
weighting function or weighting curve
relationship between input peak voltage level and PRF for constant level indication of a
measuring receiver with a weighting detector, i.e. the curve of response of a measuring
receiver to repeated pulses
4 Types of disturbance to be measured
4.1 General
This clause describes the classification of different types of disturbance and the detectors
appropriate for their measurement.
4.2 Types of disturbance
For physical and psychophysical reasons, dependent on the spectral distribution, measuring
receiver bandwidth, the duration, rate of occurrence, and degree of annoyance during the
asses
...

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 3.2 2014-03
CONSOLIDATED
VERSION
VERSION
CONSOLIDÉE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité –
Mesures des perturbations rayonnées

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CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 3.2 2014-03
CONSOLIDATED
VERSION
VERSION
CONSOLIDÉE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated

disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations

radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –

Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité –

Mesures des perturbations rayonnées

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-1476-3

CISPR 16-2-3 ®
Edition 3.2 2014-03
REDLINE VERSION
VERSION REDLINE
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

COMITÉ INTERNATIONAL SPÉCIAL DES PERTURBATIONS RADIOÉLECTRIQUES

BASIC EMC PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE EN CEM
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Radiated
disturbance measurements
Spécifications des méthodes et des appareils de mesure des perturbations
radioélectriques et de l’immunité aux perturbations radioélectriques –
Partie 2-3: Méthodes de mesure des perturbations et de l'immunité –
Mesures des perturbations rayonnées

– 2 – CISPR 16-2-3:2010
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION TO AMENDMENT 1 . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and, definitions and abbreviations . 11
4 Types of disturbance to be measured . 16
4.1 General . 16
4.2 Types of disturbance . 16
4.3 Detector functions . 17
5 Connection of measuring equipment . 17
6 General measurement requirements and conditions . 17
6.1 General . 17
6.2 Disturbance not produced by the equipment under test . 17
6.2.1 General . 17
6.2.2 Compliance (conformity assessment) testing . 18
6.3 Measurement of continuous disturbance . 18
6.3.1 Narrowband continuous disturbance . 18
6.3.2 Broadband continuous disturbance . 18
6.3.3 Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 18
6.4 Operating conditions of the EUT arrangement and measurement conditions . 18
6.4.1 Normal load conditions General arrangement of the EUT. 18
6.4.2 The time of Operation of the EUT . 21
6.4.3 Running-in time EUT time of operation . 21
6.4.4 Supply EUT running-in time . 21
6.4.5 Mode of operation EUT supply . 21
6.4.6 EUT mode of operation . 21
6.4.7 Operation of multifunction equipment. 21
6.4.8 Determination of arrangement(s) causing maximum emissions . 22
6.4.9 Recording of measurements . 22
6.5 Interpretation of measuring results . 22
6.5.1 Continuous disturbance . 22
6.5.2 Discontinuous disturbance . 23
6.5.3 Measurement of the duration of disturbance . 23
6.6 Measurement times and scan rates for continuous disturbance . 23
6.6.1 General . 23
6.6.2 Minimum measurement times . 23
6.6.3 Scan rates for scanning receivers and spectrum analyzers . 24
6.6.4 Scan times for stepping receivers . 25
6.6.5 Strategies for obtaining a spectrum overview using the peak detector . 26
6.6.6 Timing considerations using FFT-based instruments . 30
7 Measurement of radiated disturbances . 34
7.1 Introductory remarks . 34
7.2 Loop-antenna system measurements (9 kHz to 30 MHz) . 35
7.2.1 General . 35
7.2.2 General measurement method . 35
7.2.3 Test environment . 36

+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
7.2.4 Configuration of the equipment under test . 37
7.2.5 Measurement uncertainty for LAS . 37
7.3 Open-area test site or semi-anechoic chamber measurements (30 MHz to
1 GHz) . 37
7.3.1 Measurand . 37
7.3.2 Test site requirements . 38
7.3.3 General measurement method . 38
7.3.4 Measurement distance. 39
7.3.5 Antenna height variation . 39
7.3.6 Product specification details . 39
7.3.7 Measurement instrumentation . 43
7.3.8 Field-strength measurements on other outdoor sites. 43
7.3.9 Measurement uncertainty for OATS and SAC . 43
7.4 Fully-anechoic room measurements (30 MHz to 1 GHz) . 43
7.4.1 Test set-up and site geometry . 43
7.4.2 EUT position . 46
7.4.3 Cable layout and termination . 47
7.4.4 Measurement uncertainty for FAR . 48
7.5 Radiated emission measurement method (30 MHz to 1 GHz) and radiated
immunity test method (80 MHz to 1 GHz) with common test set-up in semi-
anechoic chamber . 48
7.5.1 Applicability . 48
7.5.2 EUT perimeter definition and antenna-to-EUT separation distance . 49
7.5.3 Uniform test volume . 49
7.5.4 Specifications for EUT set-up in common emissions/immunity test
setup . 50
7.5.5 Measurement uncertainty for common emission/immunity set-up and
method . 58
7.6 Fully-anechoic room and absorber-lined OATS/SAC measurements (1 GHz
to 18 GHz) . 58
7.6.1 Quantity to measure . 58
7.6.2 Measurement distance. 58
7.6.3 Set-up and operating conditions of the equipment under test (EUT) . 59
7.6.4 Measurement site . 59
7.6.5 Measurement instrumentation . 59
7.6.6 Measurement procedure . 60
7.6.7 Measurement uncertainty for FAR . 67
7.7 In situ measurements (9 kHz to 18 GHz) . 67
7.7.1 Applicability of and preparation for in situ measurements . 67
7.7.2 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range 9 kHz to
30 MHz . 68
7.7.3 Field-strength measurements in situ in the frequency range above
30 MHz . 69
7.7.4 In situ measurement of the disturbance effective radiated power
using the substitution method . 70
7.7.5 Documentation of the measurement results . 74
7.7.6 Measurement uncertainty for in situ method . 74
7.8 Substitution measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 74
7.8.1 General . 74
7.8.2 Test site . 74
7.8.3 Test antennas . 75

– 4 – CISPR 16-2-3:2010
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
7.8.4 EUT configuration . 75
7.8.5 Test procedure . 76
7.8.6 Measurement uncertainty for substitution method . 76
7.9 Reverberation chamber measurements (80 MHz to 18 GHz) . 76
7.10 TEM waveguide measurements (30 MHz to 18 GHz) . 76
8 Automated measurement of emissions . 76
8.1 Introduction – precautions for automated measurements . 76
8.2 Generic measurement procedure . 77
8.3 Pre-scan measurements . 77
8.3.1 General . 77
8.3.2 Determination of the required measurement time . 78
8.3.3 Pre-scan requirements for different types of measurements . 78
8.4 Data reduction . 79
8.5 Emission maximization and final measurement . 80
8.6 Post-processing and reporting . 81
8.7 Emission measurement strategies with FFT-based measuring instruments . 81

Annex A (informative) Measurement of disturbances in the presence of ambient
emissions . 82
Annex B (informative) Use of spectrum analyzers and scanning receivers . 96
Annex C (informative) Scan rates and measurement times for use with the average
detector . 99
Annex D (informative) Explanation of APD measurement method applying to the
compliance test . 103
Annex E (normative) Determination of suitability of spectrum analyzers for compliance
tests . 105

Bibliography . 106

Figure 1 – Measurement of a combination of a CW signal (NB) and an impulsive signal
(BB) using multiple sweeps with maximum hold . 27
Figure 2 – Example of a timing analysis . 28
Figure 3 – A broadband spectrum measured with a stepped receiver . 29
Figure 4 – Intermittent narrowband disturbances measured using fast short repetitive
sweeps with maximum hold function to obtain an overview of the emission spectrum. 30
Figure 5 – Concept of magnetic field induced current measurements made with the
loop antenna system . 36
Figure 6 – Concept of electric field strength measurements made on an open-area test
site (OATS) or semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) showing the direct and reflected rays
arriving at the receiving antenna . 38
Figure 7 – Typical FAR site geometry, where a, b, c, e depend upon the room
performance . 44
Figure 8 – Typical test set-up for table-top equipment within the test volume of a FAR . 45
Figure 9 – Typical test set-up for floor-standing equipment within the test volume of a
FAR . 46
Figure 10 – Positions of reference planes for uniform field calibration (top-view) . 49
Figure 11 – Test set-up for table-top equipment . 54
Figure 12 – Test set-up for table-top equipment – Top view . 55

+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
Figure 13 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment . 57
Figure 14 – Test set-up for floor-standing equipment – Top view . 58
Figure 15 – Measurement method above 1 GHz, receive antenna in vertical
polarization . 60
Figure 16 – Illustration of height scan requirements for two different categories of
EUTs . 63
Figure 17 – Determination of the transition distance . 73
Figure 18 – Substitution method set-up geometries for: a) measurement, b) calibration . 75
Figure 19 – Process to give reduction of measurement time . 77
Figure 20 – FFT scan in segments . 32
Figure 21 – Frequency resolution enhanced by FFT-based measuring instrument . 33
Figure 22 – Position of CMAD for table-top equipment on OATS or in SAC . 42
Figure A.1 – Flow diagram for the selection of bandwidths and detectors and the
estimated measurement errors due to that selection . 84
Figure A.2 – Relative difference in adjacent emission amplitudes during preliminary
testing . 86
Figure A.3 – Disturbance by an unmodulated signal (dotted line) . 87
Figure A.4 – Disturbance by an amplitude-modulated signal (dotted line) . 87
Figure A.5 – Indication of an amplitude-modulated signal as a function of modulation
frequency with the QP detector in CISPR bands B, C and D . 88
Figure A.6 – Indication of a pulse-modulated signal (pulse width 50 µs) as a function of
pulse repetition frequency with peak, QP and average detectors. 89
Figure A.7 – Disturbance by a broadband signal (dotted line) . 89
Figure A.8 – Unmodulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 90
Figure A.9 – Amplitude-modulated EUT disturbance (dotted line) . 91
Figure A.10 – Increase of peak value with superposition of two unmodulated signals . 92
Figure A.11 – Determination of the amplitude of the disturbance signal by means of the
amplitude ratio d and the factor i [see Equation (A.3) and Equation (A.6)] . 93
Figure A.12 – Increase of average indication measured with a real receiver and
calculated from Equation (A.8) . 94
Figure C.1 – Weighting function of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average detections
with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant 160 ms . 101
Figure C.2 – Weighting functions of a 10 ms pulse for peak (PK) and average
detections with (CISPR AV) and without (AV) peak reading: meter time constant
100 ms. 101
Figure C.3 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and

average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 160 ms . 102
Figure C.4 – Example of weighting functions (of a 1 Hz pulse) for peak (PK) and
average detections as a function of pulse width: meter time constant 100 ms . 102
Figure D.1 – Example of APD measurement Method 1 for fluctuating disturbances . 103
Figure D.2 – Example of APD measurement Method 2 for fluctuating disturbances . 104

Table 1 – Minimum scan times for the three CISPR bands with peak and quasi-peak
detectors . 24
Table 2 – Applicable frequency ranges and document references for CISPR radiated
emission test sites and test methods. 34
Table 3 – Minimum dimension of w (w ) . 62
min
Table 4 – Example values of w for three antenna types . 63

– 6 – CISPR 16-2-3:2010
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
Table 5 – Horizontal polarization correction factors as a function of frequency . 72
Table 6 – Recommended antenna heights to guarantee signal interception (for pre-
scan) in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz . 79
Table 7 – Minimum measurement times for the four CISPR bands . 24
Table A.1 – Combinations of EUT disturbance and ambient emissions . 83
Table A.2 – Measurement error depending on the detector type and on the combination
of ambient and disturbing signal spectra . 95
Table C.1 – Pulse suppression factors and scan rates for a 100 Hz video bandwidth . 100
Table C.2 – Meter time constants and the corresponding video bandwidths and
maximum scan rates . 100
Table E.1 – Maximum amplitude difference between peak and quasi-peak detected
signals . 105

+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
____________
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements

FOREWORD
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This Consolidated version of CISPR 16-2-3 bears the edition number 3.2. It consists of
the third edition (2010-04) [documents CISPR/A/886/FDIS and CISPR/A/892/RVD], its
amendment 1 (2010-06) [documents CISPR/A/878/CDV and CISPR/A/894/RVC] and its
amendment 2 (2014-03) [documents CISPR/A/1054/FDIS and CISPR/A/1063/RVD]. The
technical content is identical to the base edition and its amendments.
In this Redline version, a vertical line in the margin shows where the technical content
is modified by amendments 1 and 2. Additions and deletions are displayed in red, with
deletions being struck through. A separate Final version with all changes accepted is
available in this publication.
This publication has been prepared for user convenience.

– 8 – CISPR 16-2-3:2010
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
International Standard CISPR 16-2-3 has been prepared by CISPR subcommittee A: Radio-
interference measurements and statistical methods.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition: addition of the measurand for radiated emissions measurements in an OATS and a
SAC in the range of 30 MHz to 1 000 MHz, and addition of a new normative annex on the
determination of suitability of spectrum analysers for compliance tests. Also, numerous
maintenance items are addressed to make the standard current with respect to other parts of
the CISPR 16 series.
It has the status of a basic EMC publication in accordance with IEC Guide 107,
Electromagnetic compatibility – Guide to the drafting of electromagnetic compatibility
publications.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the CISPR 16 series, published under the general title Specification for
radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and methods, can be found on the IEC
website.
The committee has decided that the contents of the base publication and its amendments will
remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under
"http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the
publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
INTRODUCTION TO AMENDMENT 1
The recent addition of FFT-based measuring instrumentation in CISPR 16-1-1 necessitates
the addition of related specifications for the test methods covered in CISPR 16-2-3. Those
new specifications are introduced in this amendment.

– 10 – CISPR 16-2-3:2010
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
SPECIFICATION FOR RADIO DISTURBANCE AND IMMUNITY
MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHODS –

Part 2-3: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity –
Radiated disturbance measurements

1 Scope
This part of CISPR 16 specifies the methods of measurement of radiated disturbance
phenomena in the frequency range of 9 kHz to 18 GHz. The aspects of measurement
uncertainty are specified in CISPR 16-4-1 and CISPR 16-4-2.
NOTE In accordance with IEC Guide 107, CISPR 16-2-3 is a basic EMC publication for use by product
committees of the IEC. As stated in Guide 107, product committees are responsible for determining the
applicability of the EMC standard. CISPR and its sub-committees are prepared to co-operate with product
committees in the evaluation of the value of particular EMC tests for specific products.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CISPR 14-1:2005, Electromagnetic compatibility – Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus – Part 1: Emission
CISPR 16-1-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus –
Measuring apparatus
CISPR 16-1-2:2003, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-2: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Ancillary
equipment – Conducted disturbances
Amendment 1 (2004)
Amendment 2 (2006)
CISPR 16-1-4:2010, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 1-4: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus – Ancillary
equipment – Radiated disturbances
CISPR 16-2-1:2008, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus
and methods – Part 2-1: Methods of measurement of disturbances and immunity – Conducted
disturbance measurements
CISPR 16-4-1, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 4-1: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Uncertainties in
standardized EMC tests
CISPR 16-4-2, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 4-2: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Uncertainty in EMC
measurements
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
CISPR 16-4-5, Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods – Part 4-5: Uncertainties, statistics and limit modelling – Conditions for the use of
alternative test methods
IEC 60050-161:1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 161:
Electromagnetic compatibility
Amendment 1 (1997)
Amendment 2 (1998)
IEC 61000-4-3:2006, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-3: Testing and
measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test
Amendment 1 (2007)
IEC 61000-4-20, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 4-20: Testing and measurement
techniques – Emission and immunity testing in transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waveguides
3 Terms and, definitions and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-161, as well
as the following apply.
3.1
absorber-lined OATS/SAC
OATS or SAC with ground plane partially covered by RF-energy absorbing material
3.2
ancillary equipment
transducers (e.g. current and voltage probes and artificial networks) connected to a
measuring receiver or (test) signal generator and used in the disturbance signal transfer
between the EUT and the measuring or test equipment
3.3
antenna beam
main lobe of the antenna pattern (gain pattern) of the receive antenna (usually the direction
with maximum sensitivity or lowest antenna factor) that is directed towards the EUT
3.4
antenna beamwidth
angle between the half-power (3 dB) points of the main lobe of the antenna beam, when
referenced to the maximum power of the main lobe. It may be expressed for the H plane or for
the E plane of the antenna
NOTE Antenna beamwidth is expressed in degrees.
3.5
associated equipment
AE
apparatus, that is not part of the system under test, but needed to help exercise the EUT
3.6
auxiliary equipment
AuxEq
peripheral equipment that is part of the system under test
3.7
basic standard
standard that has a wide-ranging coverage or contains general provisions for one particular
field
– 12 – CISPR 16-2-3:2010
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
NOTE A basic standard may function as a standard for direct application or as a basis for other standards.
[ISO/IEC Guide 2, definition 5.1]
3.8
coaxial cable
cable containing one or more coaxial lines, typically used for a matched connection of
ancillary equipment to the measuring equipment or (test-) signal generator providing a
specified characteristic impedance and a specified maximum allowable cable transfer
impedance
3.9
common-mode absorption device
CMAD
device that may be applied on cables leaving the test volume in radiated emission
measurements to reduce the compliance uncertainty
[CISPR 16-1-4, 3.1.4]
3.10
conformity assessment
demonstration that specified requirements relating to a product, process, system, person or
body are fulfilled
NOTE The subject field of conformity assessment includes activities defined elsewhere in ISO/IEC 17000:2004,
such as testing, inspection and certification, as well as the accreditation of conformity assessment bodies.
[ISO/IEC 17000:2004, 2.1, modified]
3.11
continuous disturbance
RF disturbance with duration of more than 200 ms at the IF-output of a measuring receiver
that causes a deflection on the meter of a measuring receiver in quasi-peak detection mode,
and that does not decrease immediately
[IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-02-11, modified]
3.12
(electromagnetic) emission
phenomenon by that electromagnetic energy emanates from a source
[IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-01-08]
3.13
emission limit (from a disturbing source)
specified maximum emission level of a source of electromagnetic disturbance
[IEC 60050-161:1990, 161-03-12]
3.14
equipment-under-test
EUT
equipment (devices, appliances and systems) subjected to EMC (emission) compliance
(conformity assessment) tests
3.15
fully-anechoic room
FAR
shielded enclosure, the internal surfaces of which are lined with radio-frequency-energy
absorbing material (i.e. RF absorber) that absorbs electromagnetic energy in the frequency
range of interest
+A1:2010+A2:2014© IEC:2014
3.16
loop-antenna system
LAS
antenna system consisting of three orthogonally-oriented loop antennas that are used to
measure the three orthogonal magnetic dipole moments of an EUT located in the centre of the
three loops
3.17
measurement, scan and sweep times
3.17.1
measurement time
T
m
effective, coherent time for a measurement result at a single frequency (in some areas also
called dwell time)
– for the peak detector, the effective time to detect the maximum of the signal envelope
– for the quasi-peak detector, the effective time to measure the maximum of the weighted
envelope
– for the average detector, the effective time to average the signal envelope
– for the rms detector, the effective time to determine the rms of the signal envelope
3.17.2
scan
continuous or stepped frequency variation over a given frequency span
3.17.3
span
∆f
difference between stop and start frequencies of
...