CISPR TR 16-3:2010

CISPR/TR 16-3 ®
Edition 3.1 2012-07
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

CISPR/TR 16-3:2010+A1:2012(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form

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CISPR/TR 16-3 ®
Edition 3.1 2012-07
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE

Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and

methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
CS
ICS 33.100.10, 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-8322-0282-1

– 2 – TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E)

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 14

1 Scope . 16

2 Normative references . 16

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations . 17

3.1 Terms and definitions . 17

3.2 Abbreviations . 20

4 Technical reports . 20
4.1 Correlation between measurements made with apparatus having
characteristics differing from CISPR characteristics and measurements made
with CISPR apparatus . 20
4.1.1 General . 20
4.1.2 Critical interference-measuring instrument parameters . 21
4.1.3 Impulse interference – correlation factors . 23
4.1.4 Random noise . 25
4.1.5 The root mean square (rms) detector . 25
4.1.6 Discussion . 25
4.1.7 Application to typical noise sources . 25
4.1.8 Conclusions . 26
4.2 Interference simulators . 27
4.2.1 General . 27
4.2.2 Types of interference signals . 27
4.2.3 Circuits for simulating broadband interference . 28
4.3 Relationship between limits for open-area test site and the reverberation
chamber . 32
4.3.1 General . 32
4.3.2 Correlation between measurement results of the reverberation
chamber and OATS . 32
4.3.3 Limits for use with the reverberation chamber method . 33
4.3.4 Procedure for the determination of the reverberation chamber limit . 33
4.4 Characterization and classification of the asymmetrical disturbance source
induced in telephone subscriber lines by AM broadcasting transmitters in the
LW, MW and SW bands . 34
4.4.1 General . 34

4.4.2 Experimental characterization . 34
4.4.3 Prediction models and classification . 44
4.4.4 Characterization of the immunity-test disturbance source . 47
4.5 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies above 30 MHz . 55
4.5.1 Summary . 55
4.5.2 Range of application . 56
4.5.3 General . 56
4.5.4 Method used to calculate field patterns in the vertical plane . 58
4.5.5 Limitations of predictability of radiation at elevated angles . 59
4.5.6 Differences between the fields over a real ground and the fields over
a perfect conductor . 87
4.5.7 Uncertainty ranges . 93
4.5.8 Conclusions . 96

TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E) – 3 –

4.6 The predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies up to

30 MHz. 97

4.6.1 Range of application . 97

4.6.2 General . 97

4.6.3 Method of calculation of the vertical radiation patterns . 98

4.6.4 The source models . 99

4.6.5 Electrical constants of the ground . 100

4.6.6 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions . 101

4.6.7 Conclusions . 109

4.6.8 Figures associated with predictability of radiation in vertical

directions. 110
4.7 Correlation between amplitude probability distribution (APD) characteristics
of disturbance and performance of digital communication systems . 139
4.7.1 General . 139
4.7.2 Influence on a wireless LAN system . 139
4.7.3 Influence on a Bluetooth system . 142
4.7.4 Influence on a W-CDMA system . 146
4.7.5 Influence on Personal Handy Phone System (PHS) . 149
4.7.6 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters and system
performance . 153
4.7.7 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters of repetition pulse
and system performance of PHS and W-CDMA (BER) . 157
4.8 Background material on the definition of the rms-average weighting detector
for measuring receivers . 160
4.8.1 General – purpose of weighted measurement of disturbance . 160
4.8.2 General principle of weighting – the CISPR quasi-peak detector . 160
4.8.3 Other detectors defined in CISPR 16-1-1 . 161
4.8.4 Procedures for measuring pulse weighting characteristics of digital
radiocommunications services . 162
4.8.5 Theoretical studies . 165
4.8.6 Experimental results . 167
4.8.7 Effects of spread-spectrum clock interference on wideband
radiocommunication signal reception . 185
4.8.8 Analysis of the various weighting characteristics and proposal of a
weighting detector . 186
4.8.9 Properties of the rms-average weighting detector . 189
4.9 Common mode absorption devices (CMAD) . 191

4.9.1 General . 191
4.9.2 CMAD as a two-port device . 193
4.9.3 Measurement of CMAD . 197
4.10 Background on the definition of the FFT-based receiver . 207
4.10.1 General . 207
4.10.2 Tuned selective voltmeters and spectrum analyzers . 208
4.10.3 General principle of a tuned selective voltmeter . 208
4.10.4 FFT-based receivers – digital signal processing . 210
4.10.5 Measurement errors specific to FFT processing . 213
4.10.6 FFT-based receivers – examples . 215
4.11 Parameters of signals at telecommunication ports . 228
4.11.1 General . 228
4.11.2 Estimation of common mode disturbance levels . 230

– 4 – TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E)

5 Background and history of CISPR . 231

5.1 The history of CISPR . 231

5.1.1 The early years: 1934-1984 . 231

5.1.2 The division of work . 233

5.1.3 The computer years: 1984 to 1998 . 233

5.1.4 The people in CISPR . 233

5.2 Historical background to the method of measurement of the interference

power produced by electrical household and similar appliances in the VHF

range . 234

5.2.1 Historical detail . 234

5.2.2 Development of the method . 235
Annex A (informative) Derivation of the formula . 237
Annex B (informative) The field-strength distribution . 241
Annex C (informative) The induced asymmetrical open-circuit voltage distribution . 245
Annex D (informative) The outlet-voltage distribution . 248
Annex E (informative) Some mathematical relations . 250
Annex F (informative) Harmonic fields radiated at elevated angles from 27 MHz ISM
equipment over real ground . 252

Bibliography . 258

Figure 1 – Relative response of various detectors to impulse interference . 22
Figure 2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P(α) . 23
Figure 3 – Pulse repetition frequency . 24
Figure 4 – Block diagram and waveforms of a simulator generating noise bursts . 30
Figure 5 – Block diagram of a simulator generating noise bursts according to the pulse
principle . 31
Figure 6 – Details of a typical output stage . 32
Figure 7 – Scatter plot of the measured outdoor magnetic field strength H (dBµA/m)
o
versus the calculated outdoor magnetic field strength H dB(µA/m) . 36
c
Figure 8 – Measured outdoor magnetic versus distance, and probability of the building-
effect parameter . 37
Figure 9 – Normal probability plot of the building-effect parameter A dB. 38
b
Figure 10 – Scatter plot of the outdoor antenna factor G dB(Ωm) versus the indoor
o
antenna factor G . 39
i
Figure 11 – Normal probability plots of the antenna factors . 40
Figure 12 – Normal probability plot of the equivalent asymmetrical resistance R dB(Ω) . 43
a
Figure 13 – Examples of the frequency dependence of some parameters . 44
Figure 14 – Example of the frequency histogram ∆N(E ,∆E ) . 49
o o
Figure 15 – Example of n (E ), i.e. the distribution of the outlets experiencing a
m o
maximum field strength E resulting from a given number of transmitters in (or near)
o
the respective geographical region . 50
Figure 16 – Example of the number of outlets with an induced asymmetrical open-
circuit voltage U ≤ U ≤ U = 79 V (see Table 10) . 52
L h max
Figure 17 – Examples of number (left-hand scale) and relative number (right-hand
scale) of outlets with U ≤ U ≤ U . 53
L h max
TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E) – 5 –

Figure 18 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real

ground . 61

Figure 19 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted from
z
small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real ground . 61

Figure 20 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), over three different types of

real ground . 63

Figure 21 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted
z
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real
ground . 63

Figure 22 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted at
z
1 000 MHz from the small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), at horizontal
distance of 10 m, 30 m and 300 m in the Z-X plane over three different types of real
ground . 64
Figure 23 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole, in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively . 66
Figure 24 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
from small horizontal electric dipole . 66
Figure 25 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively . 69
Figure 26 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
small horizontal electric dipole . 69
Figure 27 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively . 70
Figure 28 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) . 70
Figure 29 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole . 73
Figure 30 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical electric dipole . 73
Figure 31 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively . 74
Figure 32 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) . 74
Figure 33 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 75
Figure 34 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 75
Figure 35 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole . 78
Figure 36 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from the small vertical electric dipole . 78
Figure 37 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively . 79
Figure 38 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) . 79

– 6 – TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E)

Figure 39 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted

around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 80

Figure 40 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from

small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 80

Figure 41 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around the small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 83

Figure 42 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from

small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 83

Figure 43 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from

small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) . 87

Figure 44 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from
a small vertical electric dipole . 90
Figure 45 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from
a small vertical electric dipole . 90
Figure 46 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the
vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole . 92
Figure 47 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the
vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole . 92
Figure 48 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground . 94
Figure 49 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground . 95
Figure 50 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above

ground . 96
Figure 51 – Geometry of the small vertical electric dipole model . 100
Figure 52 – Geometry of the small horizontal electrical dipole model . 100
Figure 53 – Geometry of the small horizontal magnetic dipole model (small vertical
loop) . 100
Figure 54 – Geometry of the small vertical magnetic dipole model (small horizontal
loop) . 100
Figure 55 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from
electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field near ground at a distance of 30 m from the sources . 108
Figure 56 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from

electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field at the ground supplemented with measurements of the
vertically oriented H-field in a height scan up to 6 m at a distance of 30 m from the
sources . 109
Figure 57 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 111
Figure 58 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 111
Figure 59 – Vertical radiation patterns of E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 112
Figure 60 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 112
Figure 61 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 113

TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E) – 7 –

Figure 62 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the

ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by

a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 113

Figure 63 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a

small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 114

Figure 64 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 114

Figure 65 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

electric dipole located close to the ground . 115

Figure 66 – Vertical radiation patterns of H-fields emitted by small horizontal magnetic

dipole (vertical loop) located close to ground . 115
Figure 67 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 116
Figure 68 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 116
Figure 69 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 117
Figure 70 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 117
Figure 71 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 72 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 73 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 74 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 75 – Vertical radiation pattern of the E-field emitted by a small vertical magnetic
dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 120
Figure 76 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 120
Figure 77 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 121
Figure 78 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 121
Figure 79 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 122

Figure 80 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 122
Figure 81 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 123
Figure 82 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 123
Figure 83 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 124
Figure 84 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 124
Figure 85 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 125
Figure 86 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 125

– 8 – TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E)

Figure 87 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 126

Figure 88 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 126

Figure 89 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 127

Figure 90 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical

magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 127

Figure 91 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical

magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 128

Figure 92 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 128
Figure 93 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 129
Figure 94 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 129
Figure 95 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground . 130
Figure 96 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 130
Figure 97 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 131
Figure 98 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 131
Figure 99 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 100 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 101 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 133
Figure 102 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 133
Figure 103 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 134
Figure 104 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground . 134

Figure 105 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground . 135
Figure 106 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 135
Figure 107 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the
ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 108 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 109 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 137
Figure 110 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 137
Figure 111 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 138

TR CISPR 16-3  IEC:2010+A1:2012(E) – 9 –

Figure 112 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical

magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 138

Figure 113 – Set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of a wireless

LAN . 139

Figure 114 – APD characteristics of disturbance . 141

Figure 115 – Wireless LAN throughput influenced by noise . 142

Figure 116 – Set-up for measuring the communication quality degradation of Bluetooth . 143

Figure 117 – APD of disturbance of actual MWO (2 441MHz) . 143

Figure 118 – APD characteristics of disturbance (2 460 MHz) . 144

Figure 119 – Throughput of Bluetooth influenced by noise . 146
Figure 120 – Set-up for measuring the BER of W-CDMA . 147
Figure 121 – APD characteristics of disturbance . 148
Figure 122 – BER of W-CDMA caused by radiation noise . 149
Figure 123 – Set-up for measuring the PHS throughput . 150
Figure 124 – Set-up for measuring the BER of PHS . 150
Figure 125 – APD characteristics of disturbance . 151
Figure 126 – PHS throughput caused by radiation . 152
Figure 127 – BER of PHS caused by radiation noise . 153
Figure 128 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) . 154
Figure 129 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance . 155
Figure 130 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance . 155
Figure 131 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) . 156
Figure 132 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance

(C/N ) . 156
Figure 133 – Experimental set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of
a PHS or W-CDMA . 157
Figure 134 – Simulation set-up for estimating communication quality degradation of a
PHS or W-CDMA . 157
Figure 135 – APD of pulse disturbance . 158
Figure 136 – BER degradation of PHS and W-CDMA caused by repetition pulse
(Carrier power, –35 dBm) . 158

Figure 137 – Evaluation method of the correlation between BER and APD . 159
Figure 138 – Correlation between measured ∆ L and ∆ L . 159
BER APD
Figure 139 – Correlation between measured p and p . 160
BER APD
Figure 140 – Weighting curves of quasi-peak measuring receivers for the different
frequency ranges as defined in CISPR 16-1-1 . 161
Figure 141 – Weighting curves for peak, quasi-peak, rms and linear average detectors

for CISPR bands C and D . 162
Figure 142 – Test setup for the measurement of the pulse weighting characteristics of
a digital radiocommunication system . 163
Figure 143 – Example of an interference spectrum: pulse modulated carrier with a
pu
...

CISPR/TR 16-3
Edition 3.0 2010-08
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

CISPR/TR 16-3:2010(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester.

If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication,

please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Central Office
3, rue de Varembé
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
Email: inmail@iec.ch
Web: www.iec.ch
About the IEC
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International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

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latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.
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CISPR/TR 16-3
Edition 3.0 2010-08
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XH
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-88912-147-2
– 2 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)

CONTENTS
FOREWORD.14

1 Scope.16

2 Normative references .16

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations .17

3.1 Terms and definitions .17

3.2 Abbreviations .20

4 Technical reports.20
4.1 Correlation between measurements made with apparatus having
characteristics differing from CISPR characteristics and measurements made
with CISPR apparatus .20
4.1.1 General .20
4.1.2 Critical interference-measuring instrument parameters .21
4.1.3 Impulse interference – correlation factors .23
4.1.4 Random noise .25
4.1.5 The root mean square (rms) detector.25
4.1.6 Discussion.25
4.1.7 Application to typical noise sources .25
4.1.8 Conclusions.26
4.2 Interference simulators.27
4.2.1 General .27
4.2.2 Types of interference signals.27
4.2.3 Circuits for simulating broadband interference .28
4.3 Relationship between limits for open-area test site and the reverberation
chamber .32
4.3.1 General .32
4.3.2 Correlation between measurement results of the reverberation
chamber and OATS .32
4.3.3 Limits for use with the reverberation chamber method .33
4.3.4 Procedure for the determination of the reverberation chamber limit .33
4.4 Characterization and classification of the asymmetrical disturbance source
induced in telephone subscriber lines by AM broadcasting transmitters in
the LW, MW and SW bands.34
4.4.1 General .34
4.4.2 Experimental characterization.34
4.4.3 Prediction models and classification .44
4.4.4 Characterization of the immunity-test disturbance source .47
4.5 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies above 30 MHz.55
4.5.1 Summary.55
4.5.2 Range of application.56
4.5.3 General .56
4.5.4 Method used to calculate field patterns in the vertical plane .58
4.5.5 Limitations of predictability of radiation at elevated angles .59
4.5.6 Differences between the fields over a real ground and the fields over
a perfect conductor.87
4.5.7 Uncertainty ranges .93
4.5.8 Conclusions.96

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 3 –

4.6 The predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies up to

30 MHz.97

4.6.1 Range of application.97

4.6.2 General .97

4.6.3 Method of calculation of the vertical radiation patterns .98

4.6.4 The source models .99

4.6.5 Electrical constants of the ground. 100

4.6.6 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions . 101

4.6.7 Conclusions.109

4.6.8 Figures associated with predictability of radiation in vertical

directions.110
4.7 Correlation between amplitude probability distribution (APD) characteristics
of disturbance and performance of digital communication systems . 139
4.7.1 General .139
4.7.2 Influence on a wireless LAN system .139
4.7.3 Influence on a Bluetooth system .142
4.7.4 Influence on a W-CDMA system .146
4.7.5 Influence on Personal Handy Phone System (PHS) .149
4.7.6 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters and system
performance .153
4.7.7 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters of repetition pulse
and system performance of PHS and W-CDMA (BER) . 157
4.8 Background material on the definition of the rms-average weighting detector
for measuring receivers .160
4.8.1 General – purpose of weighted measurement of disturbance . 160
4.8.2 General principle of weighting – the CISPR quasi-peak detector. 160
4.8.3 Other detectors defined in CISPR 16-1-1.161
4.8.4 Procedures for measuring pulse weighting characteristics of digital
radiocommunications services . 162
4.8.5 Theoretical studies .165
4.8.6 Experimental results .167
4.8.7 Effects of spread-spectrum clock interference on wideband
radiocommunication signal reception .185
4.8.8 Analysis of the various weighting characteristics and proposal of a
weighting detector .186
4.8.9 Properties of the rms-average weighting detector . 189
4.9 Common mode absorption devices (CMAD). 191

4.9.1 General .191
4.9.2 CMAD as a two-port device .193
4.9.3 Measurement of CMAD.197
4.10 Background on the definition of the FFT-based receiver .207
4.10.1 General .207
4.10.2 Tuned selective voltmeters and spectrum analyzers . 208
4.10.3 General principle of a tuned selective voltmeter.208
4.10.4 FFT-based receivers – digital signal processing . 210
4.10.5 Measurement errors specific to FFT processing. 213
4.10.6 FFT-based receivers – examples.215
5 Background and history of CISPR.228
5.1 The history of CISPR.228
5.1.1 The early years: 1934-1984 .228

– 4 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)

5.1.2 The division of work.230

5.1.3 The computer years: 1984 to 1998 .230

5.1.4 The people in CISPR .231

5.2 Historical background to the method of measurement of the interference
power produced by electrical household and similar appliances in the VHF
range .231

5.2.1 Historical detail.231

5.2.2 Development of the method .232

Annex A (informative) Derivation of the formula . 234

Annex B (informative) The field-strength distribution .238

Annex C (informative) The induced asymmetrical open-circuit voltage distribution .242
Annex D (informative) The outlet-voltage distribution .245
Annex E (informative) Some mathematical relations . 247
Annex F (informative) Harmonic fields radiated at elevated angles from 27 MHz ISM
equipment over real ground .249
Bibliography.255

Figure 1 – Relative response of various detectors to impulse interference .22
Figure 2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P(α) .23
Figure 3 – Pulse repetition frequency.24
Figure 4 – Block diagram and waveforms of a simulator generating noise bursts .30
Figure 5 – Block diagram of a simulator generating noise bursts according to the pulse

principle.31
Figure 6 – Details of a typical output stage .32
Figure 7 – Scatter plot of the measured outdoor magnetic field strength H (dBμA/m)
o
versus the calculated outdoor magnetic field strength H dB(μA/m) .36
c
Figure 8 – Measured outdoor magnetic versus distance, and probability of the building-
effect parameter .37
Figure 9 – Normal probability plot of the building-effect parameter A dB.38
b
Figure 10 – Scatter plot of the outdoor antenna factor G dB(Ωm) versus the indoor
o
antenna factor G .39
i
Figure 11 – Normal probability plots of the antenna factors.40
Figure 12 – Normal probability plot of the equivalent asymmetrical resistance
R dB(Ω).43
a
Figure 13 – Examples of the frequency dependence of some parameters .44
Figure 14 – Example of the frequency histogram ΔN(E ,ΔE ).49
o o
Figure 15 – Example of n (E ), i.e. the distribution of the outlets experiencing a
m o
maximum field strength E resulting from a given number of transmitters in (or near)
o
the respective geographical region .50
Figure 16 – Example of the number of outlets with an induced asymmetrical open-
circuit voltage U ≤ U ≤ U = 79 V (see Table 10) .52
L h max
Figure 17 – Examples of number (left-hand scale) and relative number (right-hand
scale) of outlets with U ≤ U ≤ U .53
L h max
Figure 18 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real
ground .61
Figure 19 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted from
z
small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real ground .61

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 5 –

Figure 20 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), over three different types of

real ground .63

Figure 21 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted
z
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real

ground .63

Figure 22 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted at

z
1 000 MHz from the small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), at horizontal

distance of 10 m, 30 m and 300 m in the Z-X plane over three different types of real

ground .64

Figure 23 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented

x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole, in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively .66
Figure 24 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
from small horizontal electric dipole .66
Figure 25 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively .69
Figure 26 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
small horizontal electric dipole .69
Figure 27 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-
z
Z and Z-X planes respectively.70
Figure 28 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole).70
Figure 29 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole.73
Figure 30 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical electric dipole.73
Figure 31 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively.74
Figure 32 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole).74
Figure 33 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .75
Figure 34 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .75

Figure 35 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole.78
Figure 36 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from the small vertical electric dipole.78
Figure 37 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively.79
Figure 38 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole).79
Figure 39 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .80
Figure 40 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .80

– 6 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)

Figure 41 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted

around the small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .83

Figure 42 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from

small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .83

Figure 43 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .87

Figure 44 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from

a small vertical electric dipole .90

Figure 45 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from

a small vertical electric dipole .90

Figure 46 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the

vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole.92
Figure 47 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the
vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole.92
Figure 48 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground .94
Figure 49 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground .95
Figure 50 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground .96
Figure 51 – Geometry of the small vertical electric dipole model . 100
Figure 52 – Geometry of the small horizontal electrical dipole model . 100
Figure 53 – Geometry of the small horizontal magnetic dipole model (small vertical
loop) .100
Figure 54 – Geometry of the small vertical magnetic dipole model (small horizontal
loop) .100
Figure 55 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from
electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field near ground at a distance of 30 m from the sources .108
Figure 56 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from
electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field at the ground supplemented with measurements of the
vertically oriented H-field in a height scan up to 6 m at a distance of 30 m from the
sources.109

Figure 57 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .111
Figure 58 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .111
Figure 59 – Vertical radiation patterns of E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .112
Figure 60 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .112
Figure 61 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .113
Figure 62 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the
ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 113
Figure 63 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 114

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 7 –

Figure 64 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

electric dipole located close to the ground .114

Figure 65 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

electric dipole located close to the ground .115

Figure 66 – Vertical radiation patterns of H-fields emitted by small horizontal magnetic
dipole (vertical loop) located close to ground .115

Figure 67 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a

small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 116

Figure 68 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a

small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 116

Figure 69 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 117
Figure 70 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 117
Figure 71 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 72 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 73 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 74 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 75 – Vertical radiation pattern of the E-field emitted by a small vertical magnetic
dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 120
Figure 76 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 120
Figure 77 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .121
Figure 78 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .121
Figure 79 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .122
Figure 80 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .122
Figure 81 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 123

Figure 82 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .123
Figure 83 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .124
Figure 84 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 124
Figure 85 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 125
Figure 86 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 125
Figure 87 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 126
Figure 88 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 126

– 8 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)

Figure 89 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical

magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 127

Figure 90 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical

magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 127

Figure 91 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 128

Figure 92 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical

magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 128

Figure 93 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a

small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .129

Figure 94 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric

dipole located close to the ground .129
Figure 95 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .130
Figure 96 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .130
Figure 97 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .131
Figure 98 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .131
Figure 99 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 100 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 101 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 133
Figure 102 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 133
Figure 103 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .134
Figure 104 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .134
Figure 105 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .135
Figure 106 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 135

Figure 107 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the
ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 108 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 109 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 137
Figure 110 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 137
Figure 111 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 138
Figure 112 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 138
Figure 113 – Set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of a wireless
LAN .139

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 9 –

Figure 114 – APD characteristics of disturbance .141

Figure 115 – Wireless LAN throughput influenced by noise.142

Figure 116 – Set-up for measuring the communication quality degradation of Bluetooth .143

Figure 117 – APD of disturbance of actual MWO (2 441MHz) .143

Figure 118 – APD characteristics of disturbance (2 460 MHz) . 144

Figure 119 – Throughput of Bluetooth influenced by noise .146

Figure 120 – Set-up for measuring the BER of W-CDMA.147

Figure 121 – APD characteristics of disturbance .148

Figure 122 – BER of W-CDMA caused by radiation noise .149
Figure 123 – Set-up for measuring the PHS throughput .150
Figure 124 – Set-up for measuring the BER of PHS .150
Figure 125 – APD characteristics of disturbance .151
Figure 126 – PHS throughput caused by radiation .152
Figure 127 – BER of PHS caused by radiation noise. 153
Figure 128 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) .154
Figure 129 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance . 155
Figure 130 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance . 155
Figure 131 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) .156
Figure 132 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) .156
Figure 133 – Experimental set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of
a PHS or W-CDMA .157
Figure 134 – Simulation set-up for estimating communication quality degradation of a
PHS or W-CDMA .157
Figure 135 – APD of pulse disturbance .158
Figure 136 – BER degradation of PHS and W-CDMA caused by repetition pulse
(Carrier power, –35 dBm).158
Figure 137 – Evaluation method of the correlation between BER and APD.159
Figure 138 – Correlation between measured Δ L and Δ L .159
BER APD
Figure 139 – Correlation between measured p and p .160
BER APD
Figure 140 – Weighting curves of quasi-peak measuring receivers for the different

frequency ranges as defined in CISPR 16-1-1. 161
Figure 141 – Weighting curves for peak, quasi-peak, rms and linear average detectors
for CISPR bands C and D .162
Figure 142 – Test setup for the measurement of the pulse weighting characteristics of
a digital radiocommunication system.163
Figure 143 – Example of an interference spectrum: pulse modulated carrier with a
pulse duration of 0,2 μs and a PRF < 10 kHz .164
Figure 144 – The rms and peak levels for constant BEP for three K = 3, convolutional
codes of different rate.166
Figure 145 – The rms and peak levels for constant BEP for two rate ½, convolutional
code .167
Figure 146 – Test setup for the measurement of weighting curves for Digital Radio
Mondiale (DRM).
...

CISPR/TR 16-3
Edition 3.0 2010-08
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

CISPR/TR 16-3:2010(E)
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CISPR/TR 16-3
Edition 3.0 2010-08
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
INTERNATIONAL SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON RADIO INTERFERENCE
Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods –
Part 3: CISPR technical reports

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
PRICE CODE
XH
ICS 33.100.10; 33.100.20 ISBN 978-2-88912-147-2
– 2 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.14
1 Scope.16
2 Normative references .16
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations .17
3.1 Terms and definitions .17
3.2 Abbreviations .20
4 Technical reports.20
4.1 Correlation between measurements made with apparatus having
characteristics differing from CISPR characteristics and measurements made
with CISPR apparatus .20
4.1.1 General .20
4.1.2 Critical interference-measuring instrument parameters .21
4.1.3 Impulse interference – correlation factors .23
4.1.4 Random noise .25
4.1.5 The root mean square (rms) detector.25
4.1.6 Discussion.25
4.1.7 Application to typical noise sources .25
4.1.8 Conclusions.26
4.2 Interference simulators.27
4.2.1 General .27
4.2.2 Types of interference signals.27
4.2.3 Circuits for simulating broadband interference .28
4.3 Relationship between limits for open-area test site and the reverberation
chamber .32
4.3.1 General .32
4.3.2 Correlation between measurement results of the reverberation
chamber and OATS .32
4.3.3 Limits for use with the reverberation chamber method .33
4.3.4 Procedure for the determination of the reverberation chamber limit .33
4.4 Characterization and classification of the asymmetrical disturbance source
induced in telephone subscriber lines by AM broadcasting transmitters in
the LW, MW and SW bands.34
4.4.1 General .34
4.4.2 Experimental characterization.34
4.4.3 Prediction models and classification .44
4.4.4 Characterization of the immunity-test disturbance source .47
4.5 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies above 30 MHz.55
4.5.1 Summary.55
4.5.2 Range of application.56
4.5.3 General .56
4.5.4 Method used to calculate field patterns in the vertical plane .58
4.5.5 Limitations of predictability of radiation at elevated angles .59
4.5.6 Differences between the fields over a real ground and the fields over
a perfect conductor.87
4.5.7 Uncertainty ranges .93
4.5.8 Conclusions.96

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 3 –
4.6 The predictability of radiation in vertical directions at frequencies up to
30 MHz.97
4.6.1 Range of application.97
4.6.2 General .97
4.6.3 Method of calculation of the vertical radiation patterns .98
4.6.4 The source models .99
4.6.5 Electrical constants of the ground. 100
4.6.6 Predictability of radiation in vertical directions . 101
4.6.7 Conclusions.109
4.6.8 Figures associated with predictability of radiation in vertical
directions.110
4.7 Correlation between amplitude probability distribution (APD) characteristics
of disturbance and performance of digital communication systems . 139
4.7.1 General .139
4.7.2 Influence on a wireless LAN system .139
4.7.3 Influence on a Bluetooth system .142
4.7.4 Influence on a W-CDMA system .146
4.7.5 Influence on Personal Handy Phone System (PHS) .149
4.7.6 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters and system
performance .153
4.7.7 Quantitative correlation between noise parameters of repetition pulse
and system performance of PHS and W-CDMA (BER) . 157
4.8 Background material on the definition of the rms-average weighting detector
for measuring receivers .160
4.8.1 General – purpose of weighted measurement of disturbance . 160
4.8.2 General principle of weighting – the CISPR quasi-peak detector. 160
4.8.3 Other detectors defined in CISPR 16-1-1.161
4.8.4 Procedures for measuring pulse weighting characteristics of digital
radiocommunications services . 162
4.8.5 Theoretical studies .165
4.8.6 Experimental results .167
4.8.7 Effects of spread-spectrum clock interference on wideband
radiocommunication signal reception .185
4.8.8 Analysis of the various weighting characteristics and proposal of a
weighting detector .186
4.8.9 Properties of the rms-average weighting detector . 189
4.9 Common mode absorption devices (CMAD). 191
4.9.1 General .191
4.9.2 CMAD as a two-port device .193
4.9.3 Measurement of CMAD.197
4.10 Background on the definition of the FFT-based receiver .207
4.10.1 General .207
4.10.2 Tuned selective voltmeters and spectrum analyzers . 208
4.10.3 General principle of a tuned selective voltmeter.208
4.10.4 FFT-based receivers – digital signal processing . 210
4.10.5 Measurement errors specific to FFT processing. 213
4.10.6 FFT-based receivers – examples.215
5 Background and history of CISPR.228
5.1 The history of CISPR.228
5.1.1 The early years: 1934-1984 .228

– 4 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)
5.1.2 The division of work.230
5.1.3 The computer years: 1984 to 1998 .230
5.1.4 The people in CISPR .231
5.2 Historical background to the method of measurement of the interference
power produced by electrical household and similar appliances in the VHF
range .231
5.2.1 Historical detail.231
5.2.2 Development of the method .232
Annex A (informative) Derivation of the formula . 234
Annex B (informative) The field-strength distribution .238
Annex C (informative) The induced asymmetrical open-circuit voltage distribution .242
Annex D (informative) The outlet-voltage distribution .245
Annex E (informative) Some mathematical relations . 247
Annex F (informative) Harmonic fields radiated at elevated angles from 27 MHz ISM
equipment over real ground .249
Bibliography.255

Figure 1 – Relative response of various detectors to impulse interference .22
Figure 2 – Pulse rectification coefficient P(α) .23
Figure 3 – Pulse repetition frequency.24
Figure 4 – Block diagram and waveforms of a simulator generating noise bursts .30
Figure 5 – Block diagram of a simulator generating noise bursts according to the pulse

principle.31
Figure 6 – Details of a typical output stage .32
Figure 7 – Scatter plot of the measured outdoor magnetic field strength H (dBμA/m)
o
versus the calculated outdoor magnetic field strength H dB(μA/m) .36
c
Figure 8 – Measured outdoor magnetic versus distance, and probability of the building-
effect parameter .37
Figure 9 – Normal probability plot of the building-effect parameter A dB.38
b
Figure 10 – Scatter plot of the outdoor antenna factor G dB(Ωm) versus the indoor
o
antenna factor G .39
i
Figure 11 – Normal probability plots of the antenna factors.40
Figure 12 – Normal probability plot of the equivalent asymmetrical resistance
R dB(Ω).43
a
Figure 13 – Examples of the frequency dependence of some parameters .44
Figure 14 – Example of the frequency histogram ΔN(E ,ΔE ).49
o o
Figure 15 – Example of n (E ), i.e. the distribution of the outlets experiencing a
m o
maximum field strength E resulting from a given number of transmitters in (or near)
o
the respective geographical region .50
Figure 16 – Example of the number of outlets with an induced asymmetrical open-
circuit voltage U ≤ U ≤ U = 79 V (see Table 10) .52
L h max
Figure 17 – Examples of number (left-hand scale) and relative number (right-hand
scale) of outlets with U ≤ U ≤ U .53
L h max
Figure 18 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real
ground .61
Figure 19 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted from
z
small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real ground .61

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 5 –
Figure 20 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), over three different types of
real ground .63
Figure 21 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted
z
around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) over three different types of real
ground .63
Figure 22 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E field strengths emitted at
z
1 000 MHz from the small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole), at horizontal
distance of 10 m, 30 m and 300 m in the Z-X plane over three different types of real
ground .64
Figure 23 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole, in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively .66
Figure 24 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
from small horizontal electric dipole .66
Figure 25 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small horizontal electric dipole in Y-Z and Z-X planes
z
respectively .69
Figure 26 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E field strengths emitted
x
small horizontal electric dipole .69
Figure 27 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-
z
Z and Z-X planes respectively.70
Figure 28 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole).70
Figure 29 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole.73
Figure 30 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical electric dipole.73
Figure 31 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively.74
Figure 32 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole).74
Figure 33 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .75
Figure 34 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .75
Figure 35 – Vertical polar patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted around small vertical electric dipole.78
Figure 36 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from the small vertical electric dipole.78
Figure 37 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E and vertically oriented
x
E field strengths emitted around small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole) in Y-Z
z
and Z-X planes respectively.79
Figure 38 – Height scan patterns of vertically oriented E and horizontally oriented E
z x
field strengths emitted from small vertical loop (horizontal magnetic dipole).79
Figure 39 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .80
Figure 40 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .80

– 6 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)
Figure 41 – Vertical polar patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted
around the small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .83
Figure 42 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .83
Figure 43 – Height scan patterns of horizontally polarized E-field strength emitted from
small horizontal loop (vertical magnetic dipole) .87
Figure 44 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from
a small vertical electric dipole .90
Figure 45 – Height scan patterns of the vertical component of the E-fields emitted from
a small vertical electric dipole .90
Figure 46 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the

vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole.92
Figure 47 – Height scan patterns of the horizontally polarized E-fields emitted in the
vertical plane normal to the axis of a small horizontal electric dipole.92
Figure 48 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground .94
Figure 49 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground .95
Figure 50 – Ranges of uncertainties in the predictability of radiation in vertical
directions from electrically small sources located at a height of 1 m or 2 m above
ground .96
Figure 51 – Geometry of the small vertical electric dipole model . 100
Figure 52 – Geometry of the small horizontal electrical dipole model . 100
Figure 53 – Geometry of the small horizontal magnetic dipole model (small vertical
loop) .100
Figure 54 – Geometry of the small vertical magnetic dipole model (small horizontal
loop) .100
Figure 55 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from
electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field near ground at a distance of 30 m from the sources .108
Figure 56 – Ranges of errors in the predictability of radiation in vertical directions from
electrically small sources located close to the ground, based on measurements of the
horizontally oriented H-field at the ground supplemented with measurements of the
vertically oriented H-field in a height scan up to 6 m at a distance of 30 m from the
sources.109
Figure 57 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .111
Figure 58 – Vertical radiation patterns of horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .111
Figure 59 – Vertical radiation patterns of E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .112
Figure 60 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .112
Figure 61 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .113
Figure 62 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the
ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 113
Figure 63 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 114

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 7 –
Figure 64 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .114
Figure 65 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .115
Figure 66 – Vertical radiation patterns of H-fields emitted by small horizontal magnetic
dipole (vertical loop) located close to ground .115
Figure 67 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 116
Figure 68 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 116
Figure 69 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal

magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 117
Figure 70 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 117
Figure 71 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 72 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 118
Figure 73 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 74 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 119
Figure 75 – Vertical radiation pattern of the E-field emitted by a small vertical magnetic
dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 120
Figure 76 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 120
Figure 77 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .121
Figure 78 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .121
Figure 79 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .122
Figure 80 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .122
Figure 81 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 123
Figure 82 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .123
Figure 83 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .124
Figure 84 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 124
Figure 85 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 125
Figure 86 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 125
Figure 87 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 126
Figure 88 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 126

– 8 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)
Figure 89 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 127
Figure 90 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 127
Figure 91 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 128
Figure 92 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 128
Figure 93 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .129
Figure 94 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric

dipole located close to the ground .129
Figure 95 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical electric
dipole located close to the ground .130
Figure 96 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .130
Figure 97 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .131
Figure 98 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .131
Figure 99 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 100 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 132
Figure 101 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-field emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 133
Figure 102 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 133
Figure 103 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .134
Figure 104 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small vertical electric dipole located close to the ground .134
Figure 105 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
electric dipole located close to the ground .135
Figure 106 – Vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 135
Figure 107 – Influence of a wide range of values of the electrical constants of the
ground on the vertical radiation patterns of the horizontally oriented H-fields emitted by
a small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 108 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal electric dipole located close to the ground . 136
Figure 109 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small horizontal
magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 137
Figure 110 – Vertical radiation patterns of the vertically polarized E-fields emitted by a
small horizontal magnetic dipole (vertical loop) located close to the ground . 137
Figure 111 – Vertical radiation patterns of the H-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 138
Figure 112 – Vertical radiation patterns of the E-fields emitted by a small vertical
magnetic dipole (horizontal loop) located close to the ground . 138
Figure 113 – Set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of a wireless
LAN .139

TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E) – 9 –
Figure 114 – APD characteristics of disturbance .141
Figure 115 – Wireless LAN throughput influenced by noise.142
Figure 116 – Set-up for measuring the communication quality degradation of Bluetooth .143
Figure 117 – APD of disturbance of actual MWO (2 441MHz) .143
Figure 118 – APD characteristics of disturbance (2 460 MHz) . 144
Figure 119 – Throughput of Bluetooth influenced by noise .146
Figure 120 – Set-up for measuring the BER of W-CDMA.147
Figure 121 – APD characteristics of disturbance .148
Figure 122 – BER of W-CDMA caused by radiation noise .149
Figure 123 – Set-up for measuring the PHS throughput .150
Figure 124 – Set-up for measuring the BER of PHS .150
Figure 125 – APD characteristics of disturbance .151
Figure 126 – PHS throughput caused by radiation .152
Figure 127 – BER of PHS caused by radiation noise. 153
Figure 128 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) .154
Figure 129 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance . 155
Figure 130 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance . 155
Figure 131 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) .156
Figure 132 – Correlation of the disturbance voltages with the system performance
(C/N ) .156
Figure 133 – Experimental set-up for measuring communication quality degradation of
a PHS or W-CDMA .157
Figure 134 – Simulation set-up for estimating communication quality degradation of a
PHS or W-CDMA .157
Figure 135 – APD of pulse disturbance .158
Figure 136 – BER degradation of PHS and W-CDMA caused by repetition pulse
(Carrier power, –35 dBm).158
Figure 137 – Evaluation method of the correlation between BER and APD.159
Figure 138 – Correlation between measured Δ L and Δ L .159
BER APD
Figure 139 – Correlation between measured p and p .160
BER APD
Figure 140 – Weighting curves of quasi-peak measuring receivers for the different
frequency ranges as defined in CISPR 16-1-1. 161
Figure 141 – Weighting curves for peak, quasi-peak, rms and linear average detectors
for CISPR bands C and D .162
Figure 142 – Test setup for the measurement of the pulse weighting characteristics of
a digital radiocommunication system.163
Figure 143 – Example of an interference spectrum: pulse modulated carrier with a
pulse duration of 0,2 μs and a PRF < 10 kHz .164
Figure 144 – The rms and peak levels for constant BEP for three K = 3, convolutional
codes of different rate.166
Figure 145 – The rms and peak levels for constant BEP for two rate ½, convolutional
code .167
Figure 146 – Test setup for the measurement of weighting curves for Digital Radio
Mondiale (DRM).169

– 10 – TR CISPR 16-3 © IEC:2010(E)
Figure 147 – Weighting characteristics for DRM signals for various pulse widths of the
pulse-modulated carrier .
...