General Information

Abstract: CEN/TC 250 - Editorial modifications to 1.2, 2.5, 5.2.1.1, 5.2.2.2, 5.2.2.3, 6.1.2 and Annex C.

Status: Withdrawn
Publication Date: 20-Nov-2012
Withdrawal Date: 16-Sep-2026

ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects

Technical Committee: CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 250/SC 1 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures

Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
Start Date: 18-Mar-2026
Completion Date: 17-Sep-2026

Directive: Harmonized Standard305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
: Not Harmonized89/106/EEC - Construction products

Mandate: M/265 - Mandate to CEN for the conversion of the Eurocodes from ENV into EN concerning the structural and geotechnical design of buildings and civil engineering works
Mandate: M/BC/CEN/89/11 - Framework mandate to CEN on Eurocode work : execution of a standardization programme on Eurocodes for the structural design of building and civil engineering works

Ref Project: SIST EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2013 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks

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EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2013

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Replaced By: EN 1991-4:2026 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks
Effective Date: 25-Mar-2026

Corrects: EN 1991-4:2006 - Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks
Effective Date: 12-Sep-2012

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EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2013

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012?

EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 is a corrigendum published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks". This standard covers: CEN/TC 250 - Editorial modifications to 1.2, 2.5, 5.2.1.1, 5.2.2.2, 5.2.2.3, 6.1.2 and Annex C.

What is the scope of EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012?

CEN/TC 250 - Editorial modifications to 1.2, 2.5, 5.2.1.1, 5.2.2.2, 5.2.2.3, 6.1.2 and Annex C.

What ICS categories does EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 belong to?

EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

What standards are related to EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012?

EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 1991-4:2026, EN 1991-4:2006. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

Is EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 a harmonized European standard?

EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 305/2011, 89/106/EEC; Standardization Mandates: M/265, M/BC/CEN/89/11. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.

How can I access EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012?

EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.

Standards Content (Sample)

EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2013

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Evrokod 1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - 4. del: Silosi in rezervoarjiEurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 4: Einwirkungen auf Silos und FlüssigkeitsbehälterEurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 4: Silos et réservoirsEurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks91.010.30Technical aspectsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012SIST EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2013en,fr,de01-julij-2013SIST EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2013SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 1991-4:2006/AC
November 2012
Novembre 2012
November 2012 ICS 91.010.30 English version Version Française Deutsche Fassung
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks
Eurocode 1 - Actions sur les structures - Partie 4: Silos et réservoirs
Eurocode 1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke -Teil 4: Einwirkungen auf Silos und Flüssigkeitsbehälter This corrigendum becomes effective on 21 November 2012 for incorporation in the three official language versions of the EN.
Ce corrigendum prendra effet le 21 novembre 2012 pour incorporation dans les trois versions linguistiques officielles de la EN.
Die Berichtigung tritt am 21. November 2012 zur Einarbeitung in die drei offiziellen Sprachfassungen der EN in Kraft.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Tous droits d'exploitation sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit réservés dans le monde entier aux membres nationaux du CEN. Alle Rechte der Verwertung, gleich in welcher Form und in welchem Verfahren, sind weltweit den nationalen Mitgliedern von CEN vorbehalten. Ref. No.:EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2012 D/E/FSIST EN 1991-4:2006/AC:2013

Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures: Part 4: Liquid retaining and containment structures”
with the following one: “EN 1992-3
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures: Part 3: Liquid retaining and containment structures”.
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CEN

EN 1991-1-6:2026(Main)

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-6: Actions during execution

kSIST FprEN 1991-1-6:2025

1.1   Scope of prEN 1991-1-6
(1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.
NOTE   Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.
(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.
NOTE   Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.
(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.
NOTE   For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.
(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.
(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.
(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.
(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties.
NOTE   Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-11:2026(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-11: Tension components

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-11:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-1-11
(1) EN 1993-1-11 provides rules for structural design of tension components made of steel, in addition to other parts of EN 1993, for use in structures made of steel or other materials such as concrete, steel-concrete composite and timber.
(2) EN 1993-1-11 covers the resistance, serviceability and durability of steel tension elements.
(3) The following items/aspects are outside the scope of EN 1993-1-11:
—   pre- or post-tensioned systems in accordance with EN 1992-1-1;
—   reinforcing steel as part of a concrete structure in accordance with EN 1992-1-1;
—   tension components in piling;
—   detailed design of terminations.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-11 are applicable if:
—   execution quality is according to EN 1090-2; and
—   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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CEN

EN 1991-4:2026(Main)

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 4: Silos and tanks

kSIST FprEN 1991-4:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1991-4
(1) This document provides rules for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks.
NOTE 1   Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids. Tanks are used for the storage of liquids.
NOTE 2   For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3.
NOTE 3   For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4.
(2) This document includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored particulate solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them.
NOTE   Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This document provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data.
(3) This document is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures.
NOTE   FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials.
(4) This document is also applicable for the structural assessment of existing silos and tanks, unless otherwise specified by the relevant authority or, if not specified, agreed between the relevant parties for the specific project.
NOTE 1   Changes in filling or discharge arrangements, changes in the wall friction of inner surfaces, or in the use of the silo, including storage of different particulate solids, can be reasons for assessing existing silos.
NOTE 2   Differentiation of the liquid stored can be a reason for assessing existing tanks.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990 1, with the other parts of EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999 where relevant to the design of silos and tanks.
1.3   Limitations on silos
1.3.1   Geometrical limitations
(1) The following geometrical limitations apply to the design rules for silos and silo batteries (see 3.2.59 and 3.2.60) covered by this document:
-   the silo planform cross-section shapes are limited to those shown in Figure 1.1c.
NOTE 1   Further information concerning planform cross-section geometries is given in Clause 7.
NOTE 2   For the determination of the effective diameter dc of the silo see Figure 1.1c;
-   the following dimensional limitations on the aspect ratio for free-standing single cell silos hc/dc, the overall height hb and the effective diameter dc apply (see Figure 1.1):
hc/dc < 10   (1.1)
hb < 100 m   (1.2)
dc < 60 m   (1.3)
NOTE 3   See Figure 1.1 for hc, dc and hb.
-   the structural transition lies in a single horizontal plane (see Figure 1.1a).
[Figure 1.1 - Silo forms showing dimensions and pressure notation]
(2) Only hoppers that are conical (i.e. axisymmetric), rectangular pyramidal with a/b ≤ 1,5, wedge-shaped (i.e. with two vertical end walls on opposite sides) or oblique are covered by this document. Other hopper shapes and hoppers with internal structures require special considerations.
(3) Silos with an oblique conical hopper used to achieve an eccentric outlet are covered by this document.
(4) Silos with an oblique hopper are covered, but generally silos with a systematically non-symmetric geometry are not specifically covered by this document. These situations include a chisel hopper (i.e. a wedge hopper beneath a circular cylinder) and hoppers with an elongated outlet other than wedge shaped.
1.3.2   Limitations on the stored particulate solids
(1) The following limitations on the stored particulate solids apply to the design rules for silos contained in this document:
...

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CEN

EN 1993-6:2026(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 6: Crane supporting structures

kSIST FprEN 1993-6:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-6
(1) EN 1993-6 provides rules for structural design of crane supporting structures.
(2) EN 1993-6 is applicable to crane supporting structures, especially to indoor and outdoor overhead crane runway beams, of:
a)   overhead travelling cranes, either:
—   top-mounted cranes;
—   underslung cranes;
b)   monorail hoist blocks.
NOTE   The principles of the design rules can be applied to supporting structures of other types of cranes making due allowance for differences in the crane-induced actions, if exist. For example, the design rules for supporting structures of the cranes listed in (2) assume that the horizontal crane loads occur randomly scattered along the runways in general. This assumption does not apply to other cranes such as travelling wall jib cranes.
(3) EN 1993-6 does not apply to the tracks and suspensions of light crane systems conforming to EN 16851, see Figure 1.1.
NOTE   The standardized tracks and suspensions of light crane systems are considered as parts of the crane.
[Figure 1.1 — Light crane system]
(4) Additional rules are given for ancillary runway items including crane rails, structural end stops, surge connectors and surge girders and for runway supporting structures.
(5) EN 1993-6 does not apply to cranes and all other moving parts.
NOTE   Provisions for cranes are given in EN 13001 (all parts) in general and for bridge and gantry cranes in EN 15011 in particular.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts)   and EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-6 are applicable if
—   the execution quality and tolerances are as specified in EN 1090-2, and;
—   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993, or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) Following interfaces between hoisting device and its supporting structure are assumed:
a)   the top of crane rail for top-mounted cranes;
b)   the top of flange on which the crane or hoist block operates for underslung cranes and monorail hoist blocks;
c)   the support points as shown in Figure 1.1 for light crane systems.

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CEN

EN 1993-3:2026(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 3: Towers, masts and chimneys

kSIST FprEN 1993-3:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-3
(1) This document provides rules for structural design of towers, masts and chimney structures, that fall into any of the following classifications, with the exceptions given in (3), (4) and (5).
(2) This document is applicable to:
a)   self-supporting towers and guyed masts with or without attachments. The shafts of towers and masts can be of lattice type or of circular or polygonal cross-section;
b)   chimney structures of circular cross-section that are cantilevered, supported at intermediate levels or guyed.
NOTE 1   The structures are mainly exposed to wind loading.
NOTE 2   For overhead transmission line towers, see also the EN 50341 series.
(3) This document does not apply to:
a)   polygonal and circular lighting columns covered by the EN 40 series;
NOTE   The EN 40 series specifies the requirements and dimensions for lighting columns and it applies to post top columns not exceeding 20 m height and to post top lanterns and columns with brackets not exceeding 18 m height for side entry lanterns.
b)   wind turbine towers (see the EN IEC 61400 series);
c)   overhead line towers covered by the EN 50341 series.
(4) This document does not cover special provisions for seismic design, which are given in the EN 1998 series.
(5) Special measures that might be necessary to limit the consequences of accidents are not covered in this document. For resistance to fire, see EN 1993-1-2.
(6) Provisions for the guys of guyed structures are given in EN 1993-1-11 and supplemented in this document.
(7) For provisions concerning aspects such as chemical attack, thermo-dynamical performance or thermal insulation of chimneys, see EN 13084-1. For the design of liners, see EN 13084-6.
NOTE 1   Foundations are covered in the EN 1997 series. See also EN 13084-1.
NOTE 2   Wind loads and procedures for the wind response of structures are specified in EN 1991-1-4.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in this document are applicable if
-   the execution quality is as specified in Annex E and EN 1090-2 and for the execution of chimneys, also in EN 13084-6,
and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series or, for materials other than steel, in the relevant material and product specifications.
NOTE   Execution is covered in this document to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products and the standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules.

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CEN

EN 1995-2:2026(Main)

Eurocode 5 - Design of timber structures - Part 2: Bridges

kSIST FprEN 1995-2:2025

1.1 Scope of EN 1995-2
(1) This document gives general design rules for the structural parts of bridges, i.e. structural members of importance for the reliability of the whole bridge or major parts of it, made of timber or other wood-based materials, either singly or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials.
(2) Prestressed timber-concrete composite (TCC) members are not covered by this document. The design of stress-laminated timber decks used as part of a TCC system is covered.
(3) Systems which rely on friction between wood and concrete are not covered by this document.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution given in EN 1995 3 are complied with.

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CEN

EN 1991-1-4:2026(Main)

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-4: Wind actions

kSIST FprEN 1991-1-4:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1991-1-4
(1) This document gives rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes actions applied to the whole structure or parts of it, as well as wind-exposed elements attached to the structure.
(2) This document is applicable to:
-   buildings and other civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m;
-   guyed masts, other open lattice structures and chimneys with heights up to 300 m;
-   bridges having no span greater than 200 m.
(3) The rules contained in this document allow the evaluation of characteristic wind actions on land-based structures.
(4) This document is applicable to offshore coastal structures.
NOTE   Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
(5) This document does not give guidance on non-synoptic winds (e.g. thunderstorms, downbursts, microbursts, tornadoes, etc.), mixed wind climates, nor does it give guidance on how to account for local effects (e.g. thermal effects, funnelling, strong arctic thermal surface inversion, etc.).
(6) This document addresses simplified procedures for dynamic effects, mostly based on the assumption of a dominant single-mode response (see Annex E, Annex F and Annex G). General criteria for performing a full dynamic analysis under aerodynamic excitation are not treated in this document.
(7) Wind pressure effects of passing vehicles are outside the scope of this document.
NOTE   See EN 1991 2 for wind effects from passing trains.
8) This document also provides guidance on wind tunnel testing and numerical modelling which can be needed or desirable when the shape or structural behaviour are unusual or do not strictly fall within the rules of the document, or in cases of unusual orography or other surroundings.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, 1.2 apply.

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CEN

EN 1991-1-8:2026(Main)

Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures - Part 1-8: Actions from waves and currents on coastal structures

kSIST FprEN 1991-1-8:2025

1.1      Scope of EN 1991 1 8
(1) EN 1991 1 8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected to, or in close vicinity to the shore.
NOTE 1   Provisions in EN 1991 1 8 are limited to hydrodynamic actions that can be directly quantified in terms of wave and/or current induced pressures and associated forces and moments on structures or structural parts.
NOTE 2   As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are generally affected by the presence of the seabed or shore.
NOTE 3   The coastal zone is typically defined as the area between the shoreline and the deep-water limit.
(2) EN 1991 1 8 describes the principles for defining the hydrodynamic conditions to be used for design, including sea water levels.
(3) EN 1991 1 8 addresses specifically actions from currents and waves on the following structure types:
—   cylindrical structures;
—   subsea pipelines;
—   suspended decks;
—   vertical face structures;
—   permanently moored floating structures.
NOTE 1   Additional guidance can be needed for:
—   moored structures in the coastal zone for renewable energy production or related to oil and gas production or processing;
—   moored structures spanning areas with variable wave and current states (e.g. floating aquaculture farms or floating bridges).
NOTE 2   For hydraulic pressures caused by quasi-static water levels, and ground water, see EN 1997 (all parts).
(4) Actions addressed in EN 1991 1 8 do not cover:
—   hydraulic resonance in sheltered areas or basins (phenomena also known as harbour resonance);
—   translation waves, e.g. tsunamis;
—   waves and currents induced by maritime operations, i.e. vessel wake, berthing and mooring;
—   hydrodynamic actions induced by earthquakes;
—   ice-induced pressures and forces;
—   coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function.
1.2      Assumptions
(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) In addition, it is assumed that actions from waves and currents on coastal structures are determined by personnel appropriately qualified and experienced in the following fields:
a)   physical coastal environment including physics of waves and currents, statistical properties and propagation of such;
b)   marine hydrodynamics, wave and current interaction with structures in general and wave and current actions on structures in the coastal zone including i) fixed structures, and ii) floating structures;
c)   advanced methods including probabilistic methodology and physical model testing.

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CEN

EN 1994-1-1:2026(Main)

Eurocode 4 - Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

kSIST FprEN 1994-1-1:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1994-1-1
(1) EN 1994-1-1 gives general rules for the design of steel and concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific for buildings.
NOTE   Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply to EN 1994-1-1.
(2) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990-1, the assumptions given in EN 1992-1-1, EN 1992-1-2, and EN 1993-1-1 apply to this document.
(3) EN 1994-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993 (all parts), EN 1997 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts when steel and concrete composite structures are built in seismic regions), EN 1090-1, EN 1090-2, EN 1090-4, EN 13670 and ENs for construction products relevant to steel and concrete composite structures.

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CEN

EN 1993-4-1:2026(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 4-1: Silos

kSIST FprEN 1993-4-1:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1993 4 1
(1)   prEN 1993 4 1 provides rules for the structural design of steel silos of circular or rectangular plan-form, being free-standing (on ground) or supported on a structural framework (elevated).
(2)   prEN 1993 4 1 is applicable to silos constructed from isotropic rolled plates that are stiffened or unstiffened, from corrugated sheeting that is stiffened or unstiffened and from flat or corrugated plates assembled into box structures of different geometries. It applies to vertical walls, hoppers, roof structures, transition junctions and support structures.
(3)   prEN 1993 4 1 does not apply to storage vessels for silage and haylage, or to the storage of materials that are not free-flowing (see EN 1991 4). This Part 4-1 also does not cover:
-   resistance to fire;
-   cylindrical silos with internal subdivisions;
-   internal structures within a single silo (except for internal ties, as defined in 12.5);
-   silos with capacity less than 100 kN (10 tonnes);
-   hoppers that are supported on a structural framework;
-   cases where special measures are necessary to limit the consequences of accidents.
(4)   This document is applicable to silos within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4):
-   Silo aspect ratio   hb/dc < 10
-   Silo total height   hb < 70 m
-   Silo equivalent diameter   dc < 60 m
NOTE   These dimensional limitations are more limited than those of EN 1991-4 which also applies to silos constructed from other materials.
(5)   Where this standard applies to circular planform silos, the geometric form is restricted to axisymmetric structures, but unsymmetrical actions on them and supports that induce forces in the silo structure that are not axisymmetric are included.
(6)   This part is concerned only with the requirements for resistance and stability of steel silos. For other requirements (such as operational safety, functional performance, fabrication and erection, quality control, details like man-holes, flanges, filling devices, outlet gates and feeders, etc.), see other relevant standards and information.
(7)   This part is concerned with both isolated silo structures and silos that are connected to others to form a battery of silos, but throughout this document the term silo refers to a single cell within a battery.
(8)   Provisions relating to special requirements of seismic design are provided in EN 1998 4, which complements or adapts the provisions of Eurocode 3 specifically for this purpose.
(9)   The structural design of supporting structures for the silo are dealt with in EN 1993 1 1. The supporting structure is deemed to consist of all structural elements beneath the bottom flange of the lowest ring of the silo (see Figure 1.1), though information on some forms of support structure is given in Clause 8 of this document.
(10)   Foundations in reinforced concrete for steel silos are dealt with in EN 1992 (all parts) and EN 1997 (all parts).
1.2   Assumptions
(1)   Unless specifically stated, the provisions of EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply.
(2)   The design methods given in EN 1993 4 1 are applicable if:
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN  1090 2, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
Figure 1.1 - Terminology used in silo structures
...

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