SIST ISO 24613-1:2024

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2024
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 24613-1:2019
Upravljanje jezikovnih virov - Ogrodje za označevanje leksikonov (LMF) - 1. del:
Jedrni model
Language resource management — Lexical markup framework (LMF) — Part 1: Core
model
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre de balisage lexical (LMF) — Partie 1:
Modèle de base
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24613-1:2024
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
35.240.30 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in information,
informatiki, dokumentiranju in documentation and
založništvu publishing
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

International
Standard
ISO 24613-1
Second edition
Language resource management —
2024-01
Lexical markup framework (LMF) —
Part 1:
Core model
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre de balisage lexical
(LMF) —
Partie 1: Modèle de base
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Key standards used by LMF . 3
4.1 Unicode .3
4.2 Language coding .3
4.3 Script coding .3
4.4 Unified modelling language .3
5 The LMF model . 3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Class inheritance and data category selection procedures .4
5.2.1 Class inheritance .4
5.2.2 LMF attributes .4
5.2.3 Data category selection (DCS) .4
5.2.4 User-defined data categories . .4
5.3 LMF core package .4
5.3.1 General .4
5.3.2 LexicalResource class .5
5.3.3 GlobalInformation class .5
5.3.4 Lexicon class .6
5.3.5 LexiconInformation class .6
5.3.6 LexicalEntry class .6
5.3.7 Form class .6
5.3.8 OrthographicRepresentation class .6
5.3.9 GrammaticalInformation class .6
5.3.10 Sense class .6
5.3.11 Definition class .7
5.4 Cross reference (CrossREF) model .7
5.4.1 General .7
5.4.2 CrossREF class .7
5.4.3 CrossREFConstraint class .7
5.5 Methods for data category selection and subclass creation .7
5.5.1 General .7
5.5.2 Generalization.7
5.5.3 Object instantiation .8
5.5.4 Design choices.8
5.5.5 Data categories for orthographic representation .8
5.5.6 Principles for model simplification .9
5.6 LMF extension use .9
5.6.1 General .9
5.6.2 Lexicon comparison.10
Annex A (informative) Data category examples .11
Bibliography . 14

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
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The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
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ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
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For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
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Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology, Subcommittee
SC 4, Language resource management.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 24613-1:2019), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— several changes have been made to Figure 1 “LMF core package”, as follows:
— the OrthographicRepresentation class associations with the Form and Definition classes previously
had a cardinality of 1 to 1, which did not correctly represent the intent of the UML model; the revision
of the cardinality to 1 to 0.* in each case now provides a correct model;
— the type: intern/extern attribute-value pair is no longer included in the CrossREF class since it
described linking processes relevant for implementations, not associations relevant for a metamodel;
— the full names relationship values in the CrossREF class, “synonym/composition” replace the
abbreviations, “syn/compo”;
— the class names in Figure 1 are now harmonized with the LMF style;
— relevant information has been moved from the tables in ISO 24613-2:2020 to Table A.1, meaning that the
latter now contains more complete examples of values and attributes allocated to classes first introduced
in this document.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24613 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Introduction
Optimizing the production, maintenance and extension of electronic lexical resources is one of the crucial
aspects impacting human language technologies (HLTs) in general and natural language processing (NLP) in
particular, as well as human-oriented translation technologies. A second crucial aspect involves optimizing
the process leading to their integration in applications. Lexical markup framework (LMF) is an abstract
metamodel that provides a common, standardized framework for the construction of computational
lexicons. LMF ensures the encoding of linguistic information in a way that enables reusability in different
applications and for different tasks. LMF provides a common, shared representation of lexical instances,
including morphological, syntactic and semantic aspects.
The goals of LMF are:
— to provide a common model for the creation and use of electronic lexical resources ranging from small to
large in scale;
— to manage the exchange of data between and among these resources; and
— to facilitate the merging of large numbers of different individual electronic resources to form extensive
global electronic resources.
The ultimate goal of LMF is to create a modular structure that will facilitate true content interoperability
across all aspects of electronic lexical resources.
[5]
LMF supports existing lexical resource models such as Genelex, the EAGLES International Standard for
[6] [12]
Language Engineering (ISLE), Multilingual ISLE Lexical Entry (MILE) models, Text Encoding Initiative
[10] [9]
(TEI) guidelines, Ontolex and the Language Base Exchange (LBX) serialization together with the US
[7]
Government Wordscape On-Line Dictionary system .
[11]
LMF uses unified modelling language (UML) modelling processes. The LMF core package describes the
basic hierarchy of information of a lexical entry, including information on the word form. The core package
is supplemented by various resources that are part of the definition of LMF. These resources include:
— specific data categories used by the variety of resource types associated with LMF (both those data
categories relevant to the metamodel itself, and those associated with the extensions to the core package
in additional LMF parts. See Annex A for data category examples);
— the constraints governing the relationship of these data categories to the metamodel and to its extensions;
— standard procedures for expressing these categories and thus for anchoring them on the structural
skeleton of LMF and relating them to the respective extension models;
— the vocabularies used by LMF that describe how to extend LMF through linkage to a variety of specific
resources (extensions) and methods for analysing and designing such linked systems.
LMF parts are expressed in a framework that describes the reuse of the LMF core components (such as
structures, data categories and vocabularies) in conjunction with the additional components required for a
specific resource.
The ISO 24613 series is designed to coordinate closely with ISO 16642.

v
International Standard ISO 24613-1:2024(en)
Language resource management — Lexical markup
framework (LMF) —
Part 1:
Core model
1 Scope
This document establishes the core model of the lexical markup framework (LMF), a metamodel for
representing data in monolingual and multilingual lexical resources used with computer applications.
LMF provides mechanisms that allow the development and integration of a variety of electronic lexical
resource types.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 639, Code for individual languages and language groups
ISO 15924, Information and documentation — Codes for the representation of names of scripts
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
data category
DC
class of data items that are closely related from a formal or semantic point of view
EXAMPLE /part of speech/, /subject field/, /definition/.
Note 1 to entry: A data category can be viewed as a generalization of the notion of a field in a database.
Note 2 to entry: In running text, such as this document, data category names are enclosed in forward slashes (e.g. /
part of speech/).
[SOURCE: ISO 30042:2019, 3.8, modified — admitted term “DC” added.]
3.2
word form
instantiation of a lexeme (3.5) in a syntactic context

3.3
grammatical feature
property associated with a word form (3.2) to describe one of its grammatical attributes
EXAMPLE grammaticalGender.
3.4
lemma
lemmatized form
canonical form
word form (3.2) chosen to represent a lexeme (3.5)
Note 1 to entry: In many European languages, the lemma is usually the singular for a noun if there is a variation
in number, the masculine form if there is a variation in gender and the infinitive for all verbs. In some languages,
certain nouns are defective in the singular form, in which case the plural is chosen. In Arabic, for a verb, the lemma
is sometimes considered as being the third person singular with the accomplished aspect. In other approaches it is
considered as being the root.
3.5
lexeme
abstract unit generally associated with a set of word forms (3.2) sharing common properties, such as
morphologic, morphosyntactic, semantic, or phonetic properties
3.6
lexical resource
lexical database
database consisting of one or several lexicons (3.7)
3.7
lexicon
resource comprising lexical entries for one or several languages
Note 1 to entry: A special language lexicon or a lexicon prepared for a specific natural language processing (3.9)
application can comprise a specific subset of a language.
3.8
multiword expression
MWE
lexeme (3.5) made up of a sequence of two or more lexemes that has properties that are not necessarily
predictable from the properties of the individual lexemes or their normal mode of combination
EXAMPLE “To kick the bucket”, an idiomatic expression which means to die rather than to hit a bucket with one’s
foot. An idiomatic expression is a subtype of MWE whose properties are not predictable from the properties of the
individual lexemes.
Note 1 to entry: An MWE can be a compound, a fragment of a sentence or a sentence. The group of lexemes making up
an MWE can be continuous or discontinuous. It is not always possible to mark an MWE with a part of speech (3.11).
3.9
natural language processing
NLP
computer science field covering knowledge and techniques involved in the processing and analysis of
linguistic data by a computer
3.10
orthography
systematic way of spelling or writing lexemes (3.5) that conforms to a conventionalized use
Note 1 to entry: Usually, the notion of orthography covers standardized spellings of alphabetic languages, such as
standard UK or US English, or reformed German spelling, as well as hieroglyphic or syllabic writing systems. For the
purpose of this document, variations such as transliterations of languages in non-native scripts (3.12), stenographic
renderings or representations in the International Phonetic Alphabet are also subsumed under the notion of
orthography.
3.11
part of speech
lexical category
word class
category assigned to a lexeme (3.5) based on its grammatical properties
EXAMPLE Typical parts of speech for European languages include noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.
3.12
script
set of graphic characters used for the written form of one or
...