SIST EN IEC 60413:2026

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
01-april-2024
Testni postopki za določanje fizikalnih lastnosti krtačnih materialov za električne
stroje
Test procedures for determining physical properties of brush materials for electrical
machines
Méthodes d'essai pour la mesure des propriétés physiques des matières de balais pour
machines électriques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 60413:2024
ICS:
29.160.10 Sestavni deli rotacijskih Components for rotating
strojev machines
oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
2/2175/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 60413 ED2
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2024-02-09 2024-05-03
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
2/2121/CD, 2/2151A/CC
IEC TC 2 : ROTATING MACHINERY
SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
United Kingdom Mr Charles Whitlock
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:

Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if any, in
this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
EMC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAFETY
SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING
Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees, members of CENELEC,
is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft for Vote (CDV) is
submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the CENELEC
online voting system.
This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant “In Some Countries” clau ses to be
included should this proposal proceed. Recipients are reminded that the CDV stage is the final stage for submitting ISC c lauses.
(SEE AC/22/2007 OR NEW GUIDANCE DOC).

TITLE:
Test procedures for determining physical properties of brush materials for electrical machines

PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2026
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:
electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.
You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without
permission in writing from IEC.

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
2/2175/CDV – 2 – IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024

CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 11
4 Test specimen . 18
4.1 General . 18
4.2 Types of test specimen . 18
4.2.1 General . 18
4.2.2 Type A . 19
4.2.3 Type B . 19
4.2.4 Type C . 20
4.2.5 Type D . 20
4.3 Preparation of test specimens . 20
4.3.1 General . 20
4.3.2 Relation between dimensions and grain direction . 20
4.3.3 Requirements on test specimens . 22
5 Apparent density . 23
5.1 General . 23
5.2 Mass-and-dimensions method . 24
5.2.1 General . 24
5.2.2 Principle of measurement . 24
5.2.3 Test equipment . 24
5.2.4 Test condition . 24
5.2.5 Test procedure . 24
5.2.6 Calculation and Report . 24
5.3 Immersion method . 25
5.3.1 General . 25
5.3.2 Principle of measurement . 25
5.3.3 Reagents . 25
5.3.4 Test equipment . 25
5.3.5 Test specimen . 27
5.3.6 Test condition . 27
5.3.7 Procedure of measurement . 27
5.3.8 Calculation . 29
6 Resistivity (specific resistance) . 30
6.1 General . 30
6.2 Voltmeter-ammeter method . 31
6.2.1 Principle of measurement . 31
6.2.2 Test equipment . 31
6.2.3 Test specimen . 32
6.2.4 Test condition . 32
6.2.5 Procedure of measurement . 33
6.2.6 Calculation and report . 34

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024 – 3 – 2/2175/CDV
6.3 Eddy current method . 34
6.3.1 General . 34
6.3.2 Principle of measurement . 34
6.3.3 Test equipment . 34
6.3.4 Test specimen . 35
6.3.5 Test condition . 36
6.3.6 Procedure of measurement . 36
6.3.7 Calculation and record . 36
7 Flexural strength . 37
7.1 General . 37
7.2 Principle of measurement . 37
7.3 Test equipment . 37
7.3.1 Test machine . 37
7.3.2 Supporting knifes . 38
7.3.3 Load knife. 38
7.4 Test specimen . 38
7.5 Test condition . 40
7.6 Procedure of measurement . 40
7.7 Calculation and report . 40
8 Hardness . 41
8.1 Hardness by indentation . 41
8.1.1 General . 41
8.1.2 Principle . 42
8.1.3 Test equipment . 42
8.1.4 Test specimen . 43
8.1.5 Test condition . 43
8.1.6 Test procedure . 43
8.1.7 Calculation and report . 45
8.2 Rebound hardness with Scleroscope method . 45
8.2.1 General . 45
8.2.2 Principle of measurement . 45
8.2.3 Test equipment . 47
8.2.4 Test specimen . 48
8.2.5 Test condition . 48
8.2.6 Test procedure . 48
8.2.7 Calculation and report . 49
8.3 Rebound hardness with Leeb method . 49
8.3.1 General . 49
8.3.2 Principle of measurement . 50
8.3.3 Test equipment . 51
8.3.4 Test specimen . 52
8.3.5 Test condition . 52
8.3.6 Test procedure . 52
8.3.7 Calculation and report . 53
8.3.8 Correlation with rebound hardness . 53
9 Porosity . 54
9.1 General . 54
9.2 Impregnation-and-mass method . 55

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
2/2175/CDV – 4 – IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024
9.2.1 Principle of measurement . 55
9.2.2 Test specimen . 55
9.2.3 Test condition . 55
9.2.4 Impregnating liquid . 55
9.2.5 Test equipment . 56
9.2.6 Test procedure . 56
9.2.7 Calculation . 57
9.3 Mercury method . 58
9.3.1 General . 58
9.3.2 Principle . 58
9.3.3 Test specimen . 59
9.3.4 Test condition . 59
9.3.5 Test equipment . 59
9.3.6 Procedure of measurement . 59
9.3.7 Calculation . 59
10 Ash content . 60
10.1 General . 60
10.2 Principle . 60
10.3 Test specimen . 60
10.4 Test condition . 60
10.5 Test equipment . 60
10.6 Procedure of measurement . 61
10.6.1 Preparing and weighing the specimen: . 61
10.6.2 Ashing the specimen . 61
10.6.3 Weighing the residues . 61
10.7 Calculation . 61
11 Report . 61
Annex A (normative) Properties per category of test and datasheet . 63
Annex B (normative) Other mechanical properties . 65
B.1 General . 65
B.2 Charpy impact strength . 65
B.2.1 General . 65
B.2.2 Principle of measurement . 65
B.2.3 Test equipment . 66
B.2.4 Test specimen . 66
B.2.5 Test condition . 67
B.2.6 Procedure of measurement . 67
B.2.7 Calculation and report . 68
B.3 Tensile strength – Young’s modulus. 68
B.3.1 General . 68
B.3.2 Principle of measurement of tensile strength . 68
B.3.3 Test equipment . 69
B.3.4 Test specimen . 69
B.3.5 Test condition . 69
B.3.6 Procedure of measurement . 69
B.3.7 Calculation . 70
B.3.8 Complementary characteristics . 70
B.4 Compressive strength . 71

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024 – 5 – 2/2175/CDV
B.4.1 General . 71
B.4.2 Principle of measurement . 71
B.4.3 Test equipment . 71
B.4.4 Test specimen . 71
B.4.5 Test condition . 72
B.4.6 Procedure of measurement . 72
B.4.7 Calculation and report . 72
Annex C (normative) Thermal properties . 73
C.1 General . 73
C.2 Coefficient of linear expansion . 73
C.2.1 General . 73
C.2.2 Principle of measurement . 73
C.2.3 Test equipment . 74
C.2.4 Protective gas . 74
C.2.5 Test specimen . 74
C.2.6 Test condition . 75
C.2.7 Procedure of measurement . 75
C.2.8 Calculation and report . 75
C.3 Specific heat capacity . 76
C.3.1 General . 76
C.3.2 Principle of measurement with DSC . 77
C.3.3 Test equipment . 78
C.3.4 Test specimen . 78
C.3.5 Test condition . 78
C.3.6 Procedure of measurement . 79
C.3.7 Calculation and report . 79
C.4 Thermal conductivity . 79
C.4.1 General . 79
C.4.2 Flash method . 80
C.4.3 TPS method . 83
C.4.4 Calculation and report . 85
Annex D (informative) Relation between apparent density, real density, porosity and
pores . 87
D.1 General . 87
D.2 Pores . 87
D.3 Apparent Density . 87
D.4 Real Density . 87
D.5 Porosity . 88
Annex E (informative) Methods for material analysis of sliding contact grades . 89
Annex F (informative) Relation between Scleroscope hardness and vibration
absorbing capability . 90
F.1 General . 90
F.2 Vibration equation and amplitude ratio . 90
F.3 Experimental verification . 91
Bibliography . 94

Figure 1 – Dimensions of a test specimen . 11
Figure 2 – Configuration of test specimen relative to the direction of moulding . 21

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
2/2175/CDV – 6 – IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024
Figure 3 – Configuration of test specimen relative to the direction of extrusion . 22
Figure 4 – Test equipment for the measurement of apparent density by immersion
method A on big test specimen . 26
Figure 5 – Test equipment for the measurement of apparent density by immersion
method B on small test specimen . 27
Figure 6 – Measurement of apparent density by immersion method A . 28
Figure 7 – Measurement of apparent density by immersion method B . 29
Figure 8 – Position of measuring electrodes onto the test specimen . 31
Figure 9 – Test specimen mounting configuration for resistivity in case of one-
directional compression . 33
Figure 10 – Test specimen mounting configuration for resistivity in case of extrusion . 33
Figure 11 – Principle of the test equipment of Eddy current method . 35
Figure 12 – Positioning of the test specimen . 36
Figure 13 – Test specimen mounting principle . 37
Figure 14 – Mounting configuration for flexural strength test for a test specimen of
type one-directional compression . 39
Figure 15 – Mounting configuration for flexural strength test for a test specimen of
type extruded . 39
Figure 16 – Steps for the measurement of indentation hardness . 44
Figure 17 – Principle of Scleroscope hardness measurement . 46
Figure 18 – Scleroscope hardness instruments . 47
Figure 19 – Principle of Leeb hardness measurement . 51
Figure 20 – Example of correlation curve assessment between rebound hardness and
Leeb hardness . 54
Figure B.1 –Principle of Charpy impact test . 66
Figure B.2 – Configuration of impact strength test for anisotropic materials . 67
Figure B.3 – Example of tensile test specimen . 69
Figure C.1 – Determination of coefficient of linear thermal expansion . 76
Figure C.2 – Schematic drawing showing the DSC baselines . 78
Figure C.3 – Determination of half-time from measurement data . 81
Figure C.4 – Principle of test equipment for thermal pulse method . 82
Figure C.5 – Basic layout of the apparatus . 84
Figure F.1 – Relation between the Scleroscope hardness and the amplitude resonance
ratio . 92

Table 1 – Dimensions of test specimen of type B . 19
Table 2 – Configuration type according to the forming process of the item . 22
Table 3 – Tolerances on test specimen dimensions for each category . 23
Table 4 – Recommended values of supports span . 40
Table 5 – Values of coefficient c . 41
f
Table 6 – Values of indentation depth pitch for each scale . 42
Table 7 – Specification of hardness designation . 43
Table 8 – Contents of a report . 62
Table A.1 – Properties per category of tests and datasheet . 63
Table B.1 –Dimensions of test specimen for impact strength test . 67

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024 – 7 – 2/2175/CDV
Table E.1 – Qualitative Analysis . 89
Table E.2 – Quantitative Analysis . 89
Table F.1 – Values of relative height, damping factor and resonance ratio for different
values of Scleroscope hardness. 93

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
2/2175/CDV – 8 – IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
TEST PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF BRUSH MATERIALS FOR ELECTRICAL MACHINES

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60413 has been prepared by IEC technical committee TC2: ROTATING MACHINERY. It is
an International Standard.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1972. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) Compliance of the document to the ISO/IEC Directives.
b) Addition of definitions (Clause 3)).
c) Clause 4 on test specimen: Nomenclature and addition of the different types of test
specimen, specification on their dimensions, tolerances and preparation.
d) Improvement of test procedures of the properties already disclosed in the previous edition
(Clauses 5 to 10).
e) Separation of apparent porosity and apparent density (resp. Clauses 5 and 9).

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024 – 9 – 2/2175/CDV
f) Resistivity (Clause 6): Addition of the Eddy current method.
g) Rebound hardness (Clause 8): Addition of a new model of Scleroscope and of Leeb method,
as a possible alternative to the traditional Scleroscope method.
h) Common elements of the test report in a dedicated Clause 11.
i) Addition of Annex A (normative): introduction of tests categories (serial / type tests), list of
properties to be tested for each test category of test according to their purpose.
j) Addition of Annex B : test procedures for other mechanical properties than flexural strength
and hardness: traction, compression and impact strength.
k) Addition of Annex C: thermal properties testing procedures (coefficient of linear expansion,
specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity).
l) Addition of Annex D: supplement to density and porosity.
m) Addition of Annex E: recommendations on methods for elements analysis.
n) Addition of Annex F: supplement of information concerning Scleroscope hardness.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
XX/XX/FDIS XX/XX/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at https://www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC
are described in greater detail at https://www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
2/2175/CDV – 10 – IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024
1 TEST PROCEDURES FOR DETERMINING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2 OF BRUSH MATERIALS FOR ELECTRICAL MACHINES
5 1 Scope
6 This document concerns carbon-based grades that are used for sliding electrical contacts, such
7 as carbon brushes or pantograph strips.
8 By extension, it is possible to use the test procedures of this document to all electrical sliding
9 contacts for electrical transmission appliances and to other appliances of carbon-based
10 materials (heat exchangers, bearings…).
11 This document specifies uniformized procedures for determining their following properties:
12 • density and porosity;
13 • resistivity;
14 • flexural strength;
15 • hardness;
16 • ash content.
17 In addition, it provides recommendations on test procedures for other properties:
18 • Mechanical properties: Charpy impact test, compression strength, tensile strength
19 (Annex B).
20 • Thermal properties: coefficient of thermal expansion, specific heat capacity, thermal
21 conductivity (Annex C).
22 The properties determined by these tests are inherent of the carbon-based materials
23 themselves as distinct from performance characteristics in operation on electrical equipment
24 (carbon brush in an electrical rotating machine, contact strips on a pantograph, etc.).
25 It should be kept in mind that since these materials are generally brittle, porous materials, it is
26 reasonable that their properties vary much more than the same properties in metals.
27 Some test methods are suitable for use in production quality control (routine tests), others only
28 for more thorough investigations, using precise laboratory techniques (see Annex A).
29 WARNING — The use of this International Standard can involve hazardous materials, operations and
30 equipment. It does not purport to address all of the safety or environmental problems associated with its use.
31 It is the responsibility of the user of this International Standard to establish appropriate safety and health
32 practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
33 2 Normative references
34 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
35 constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
36 For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
37 amendments) applies.
38 IEC 60276:2018, Carbon brushes, brush holders, commutators and slip-rings – Definitions and
39 nomenclature
40 ISO 179-1:2010, Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties — Part 1: Non-
41 instrumented impact test
oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024 – 11 – 2/2175/CDV
42 ISO 2859-1:1999, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes — Part 1: Sampling
43 schemes indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspection
44 ISO 5022:1979, Shaped refractory products — Sampling and acceptance testing
45 ISO 6508-2:2016, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 2: Verification and
46 calibration of testing machines and indenters
47 ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
48 ISO 16859-1, Metallic materials — Leeb hardness test — Part 1: Test method
49 ASTM E448-82(2008), Standard Practice for Scleroscope Hardness Testing of Metallic
50 Materials
51 3 Terms, definitions and symbols
52 For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60276:2018 and the
53 following apply.
54 ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
55 addresses:
56 • IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
57 • ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
58 3.1
59 sample
60 one or more items taken from a lot and intended to provide information on the lot and possibly
61 to serve as a basis for a decision on the lot or the process which had produced it
62 Note 1 to entry: One lot is constituted of one or several batches of production, see ISO 2859-1.
63 [SOURCE: ISO 5022:1979 – 2.3 – population replaced by lot]
64 3.2
65 test specimen
66 one or more blocks, drawn from an item of the sample, with dimensions h, w and l as specified
67 on Figure 1
h
w
l
69 Key:
70 h height
71 w width
72 l length
73 Figure 1 – Dimensions of a test specimen
74 NOTE 1 to entry: Test specimen types and dimensions are defined in Clause 4.

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
2/2175/CDV – 12 – IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024
75 3.3
76 parallelism
77 difference between the dimensions of the two opposite sides at any cross-section perpendicular
78 to the length of the test specimen
79 3.4
80 anisotropy
81 material's directional dependence of a physical property, linked to an orientation of grains
82 obtained during the forming process of the material
83 Note 1 to entry: Such material is called anisotropic. The orientation of grains during a one-directional forming
84 process gives two main directions, defined in 3.5 and 3.6.
85 3.5
86 with-grain
87 WG
88 configuration of the material where the grains orientation is parallel to the longest dimension of
89 the test specimen during a test
90 Note 1 to entry: This configuration is further explained in 4.3.2 (especially Table 2).
91 3.6
92 across-grain
93 AG
94 configuration of the material where the grains orientation is perpendicular to the longest
95 dimension of the test specimen during a test
96 Note 1 to entry: This configuration is further explained in 4.3.2 (especially Table 2).
97 3.7
98 anisotropic grade
99 brush grade having a difference of minimum 20% between configuration WG and configuration
100 AG for almost one of its main properties
101 3.8
102 apparent density
103 bulk density
104 
a
105 mass per unit volume of the material (including pores) divided by the mass per unit volume of
106 water
-3
107 Note 1 to entry: The mass per unit volume of water µ at standardized temperature is 1 g.cm .That is why the
w
-3
108 apparent density of the material is often related to its volumetric mass, which is expressed in g.cm .
109 Note 2 to entry: The terms bulk density and bulk volume (see 3.24) are often used for granular materials.
110 3.8.1
111 total volume
112 V
t
113 geometrical volume of the test specimen, calculated from its dimensions h, w and l
114 Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in cm .
115 3.9
116 ambient temperature
117 room temperature
118 average temperature of air (or another medium) in the vicinity of the equipment

oSIST prEN IEC 60413:2024
IEC CDV 60413 © IEC:2024 – 13 – 2/2175/CDV
119 [SOURCE: IEV 826-10-03]
120 3.10
121 test temperature
122 ϑ
...