ISO/TS 16901:2015

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 16901
First edition
2015-03-01
Guidance on performing risk
assessment in the design of onshore
LNG installations including the ship/
shore interface
Guide pour l’évaluation des risques dans la conception d’installations
terrestres pour le GNL en incluant l’interface terre/navire
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviations. 6
5 Safety Risk Management . 7
5.1 Decision support framework for risk management . 7
5.2 Prescriptive safety or risk performance . 8
5.3 Risk assessment in relation to project development . 9
6 Risk .11
6.1 What is risk .11
6.2 Safety philosophy and risk criteria .11
6.3 Risk control strategy .11
6.4 ALARP .12
6.5 Ways to express risk to people .13
6.5.1 General.13
6.5.2 Risk contours (RC) .13
6.5.3 Risk transects (RT) . .14
6.5.4 Individual risk (IR) .14
6.5.5 Potential loss of life (PLL) .14
6.5.6 Fatal accident rate (FAR).14
6.5.7 Cost to avert a fatality (CAF) .14
6.5.8 F/N curves (FN) .14
6.6 Uncertainties in QRA.15
7 Methodologies .15
7.1 Main steps of risk assessment .15
7.2 Qualitative risk analysis .15
7.2.1 HAZID .15
7.2.2 Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) .17
7.2.3 Risk matrix .17
7.2.4 Bow-tie .18
7.2.5 HAZOP .19
7.2.6 SIL analysis .21
7.3 Quantitative analysis: consequence and impact assessment .21
7.3.1 Consequence assessment .21
7.3.2 Impact assessment .23
7.4 Quantitative analysis: frequency assessment .24
7.4.1 General.24
7.4.2 Failure data .24
7.4.3 Consensus data .25
7.4.4 FAULT tree .25
7.4.5 Event tree analysis (ETA) .25
7.4.6 Exceedance curves based on probabilistic simulations .25
7.5 Risk assessments (consequence*frequency) .26
7.5.1 Risk assessment tools .26
7.5.2 Ad hoc developed risk assessment tools .27
7.5.3 Proprietary risk assessment tools .27
8 Accident scenarios .28
8.1 Overview accident scenarios .28
8.2 LNG import facilities including SIMOPS .28
8.3 LNG export facilities .31
8.4 Chain of events following release scenarios .32
9 Standard presentation of risk .34
Annex A (informative) Impact criteria .36
Bibliography .57
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
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on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
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assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 16901:2015(E)
Guidance on performing risk assessment in the design of
onshore LNG installations including the ship/shore interface
1 Scope
This Technical Specification provides a common approach and guidance to those undertaking assessment
of the major safety hazards as part of the planning, design, and operation of LNG facilities onshore and
at shoreline using risk-based methods and standards, to enable a safe design and operation of LNG
facilities. The environmental risks associated with an LNG release are not addressed in this Technical
Specification.
This Technical Specification is aimed to be applied both to export and import terminals, but can be
applicable to other facilities such as satellite and peak shaving plants.
It applies to all facilities inside the perimeter of the terminal and all hazardous materials including LNG
and associated products: LPG, pressurised natural gas, odorizers, and other flammable or hazardous
products handled within the terminal.
The navigation risks and LNG tanker intrinsic operation risks are recognised, but they are not in the
scope of this Technical Specification. Hazards arising from interfaces between port and facility and ship
are addressed and requirements are normally given by port authorities. It is as
...