ISO 24627-3:2021

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2021
Upravljanje jezikovnih virov - Ogrodje za celovito označevanje (ComAF) - 3. del:
Diagramsko semantično avtorstvo (DSA)
Language resource management -- Comprehensive Annotation Framework (ComAF) -
Part 3: Diagrammatic semantic authoring (DSA)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques -- Cadre global d’annotation (ComAF) - Partie 3:
Création sémantique diagrammatique (DSA)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 24627-3:2021
ICS:
01.020 Terminologija (načela in Terminology (principles and
koordinacija) coordination)
01.140.20 Informacijske vede Information sciences
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24627-3
First edition
2021-02
Language resource management —
Comprehensive Annotation
Framework (ComAF) —
Part 3:
Diagrammatic semantic authoring
(DSA)
Gestion des ressources linguistiques — Cadre global d’annotation
(ComAF) —
Partie 3: Création sémantique diagrammatique (DSA)
Reference number
©
ISO 2021
© ISO 2021
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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Specification . 1
Annex A (informative) Examples . 3
Bibliography . 8
Foreword
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electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology,
Subcommittee SC 4, Language resource management.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24627 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Graphs (diagrams consisting of nodes and links) have been used for decades to represent and visualize
both documents (instance data) and data schemas. This document concerns graph-based representation
(not visualization) of documents (not data schemas).
[15]
Graph-based representation and visualization of documents are addressed by concept maps, mind
maps, argument maps, and so on. Theoretical linguistics and artificial intelligence have also used
[10]
graph-based content visualization associated with semantic network, mental space, discourse
[13]
representation structure, and so forth.
Graph-based visualization of data schemas (or ontologies, terminologies, metamodels, etc.) is a more
usual practice. Ontologies are often visualized as graphs in which nodes are classes (and datatypes) and
links are properties (relations). ISO 24156-1 specifies a UML-based visualization of concept modelling.
Other metamodels are usually represented as similar diagrams, too.
This document gives a data schema of graph documents to facilitate composition and comprehension by
making logical document structure explicit. It neither covers visualizations or manipulations of graphs
nor does it define annotations to existing documents, but rather it addresses graphical/diagrammatic
representation of documents for the sake of semantic authoring: i.e., for people to directly view and
manipulate syntactic/semantic structures on computer displays or their future alternatives. The
linearity of traditional text documents is due to the linearity of speech languages, which constrains the
interaction between people and documents, making it hard for people to read and write. DSA defines
graphical/diagrammatic documents with more explicit structures than in text in order to make it easier
for people to read and write. Documents based on DSA, together with some user interfaces involving
appropriate visualizations and easy operations, can enhance collaborations among people and between
people and machines.
DSA mainly deals with syntactic or document structures. It addresses some fragmentary semantic
structures as well, but more systematic semantics (formal mapping between documents and
their meanings or logical forms) can be provided by another specification so that machines better
‘understand’ DSA-based documents and thereby better assist information sharing and consensus
building among people.
Figure 1 shows a workflow involving DSA and other types of documents. The DSA-based documents
in the upper half can be automatically converted (while preserving propositional content) to and from
machine-understandable documents based on appropriate standards on semantic representations
and annotations. It is possible to automatically generate traditional text documents from these
machine-understandable documents (while preserving the propositional content, too), though the
inverse conversion cannot generally be automated. Since DSA-based documents (together with some
appropriate user interfaces) are easier for people to compose and interpret than text documents,
people can usually touch and see DSA-based documents whereas traditional documents could be used
for legacy procedures (such as patent applications) and oral presentations.
Figure 1 — Document workflow involving DSA
DSA is a minimal metamodel for ISO TS 24617-5 (SemAF-DS), which in turn is based on ISO/IEC 15938.5/
Amd.1 (MPEG-7 MDS AMD1 ― Linguistic description scheme). The machine-understandable documents
in Figure 1 are assumed to use other standards including ISO 24615 (SynAF), ISO 24612 (LAF) and
[1][8][9][10][11][12][13]
ISO 24617 (SemAF) while also incorporating insights from other relevant literature
[14][15][16][17][18]
.
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24627-3:2021(E)
Language resource management — Comprehensive
Annotation Framework (ComAF) —
Part 3:
Diagrammatic semantic authoring (DSA)
1 Scope
This document specifies how to represent (not visualize) documents (instance data, not data schemas)
as graphs. It does not specify how to visualize or operate on document data, but it aims at making
documents easier for people to compose and comprehend by allowing for various graph-based flexible
user interfaces, possibly incorporating document-visualization practices (see Introduction). In this
connection, this document does not specify annotations to existing documents either, but rather it
specifies a schema of documents with explicit logical structures.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
hypernode
node which is a graph segment
3.2
segment
referenceable part of a DSA-based document, which is either a graph segment or a data segment (text,
image, audio, video, etc.)
3.3
semantic authoring
composition of documents while making their logical structures explicit
4 Specification
Figure 2 illustrates DSA, which is a metamodel (ontology) of graph documents. Each markable
(referenceable) part of a DSA-based document is called a segment. Each DSA-based document itself is a
segment, too.
Figure 2 — DSA metamodel (ontology)
A graph segment shall be a labelled directed graph comprising nodes and links. A node shall be a
segment and a link shall be a relation between two endnodes (source and destination segments).
A node in a graph segment can be another graph segment. A node which is a graph segment is called a
hypernode. So a graph segment can embed other graph segments as hypernodes, which are rarely used
in concept maps. Arbitrarily large DSA-based documents can hence be made of small graph segments
which are hypernodes of each other.
A data segment can embed smaller data segments as constituents. For instance, a discourse can be a
text/audio/video segment embedding sentence utterances as smaller text/audio/video segments,
which can further embed still smaller text/audio/video segments such as phrases, and so forth.
DSA is exactly the metamodel in Figure 2, which formally specifies multimodal graph documents
involving hypernodes, but does not specify how to visualize or operate on them. The diagrammatic
visualizations in Annex A are not part of DSA, they are informative examples. DSA users can adopt any
sorts of diagrammatic visualization as far as the logical document structures are made explicit enough
to meet their purposes.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

Annex A
(informative)
Examples
A.1 Graph segments
In Figure A.1, graph segments are visualized as rounded boxes. The smaller graph segment is a
hypernode in the larger one. Most nodes in Figure A.1 are text segments, but nodes can be other types of
segments as well. Links in this example represent discourse relations and thematic roles. For instance,
a ‘core’ and an ‘axis’ are constituents of a ‘pencil’ and a function of an ‘eraser’ is to ‘erase mainly pencil
writings.’
Figure A.1 — Graph segment representing part of a patent document
Throughout this document, anaphors are underlined and their antecedents are in boldface characters.
Anaphoric relations can be explicitly visualized as links as shown in Figure A.2. Some endnodes of these
anaphoric links are text segments embedded in larger graph/text segments and thus those endnodes do
not belong to the graphs to which the anaphoric relations belong. A problem is that a graph visualizing
too many such anaphoric relations is hard for people to understand and compose. This problem is
partially addressed by visualizing graphs as trees.
SIST IS
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