IEC/TS 60479-1

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2006
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Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 1: General aspects
Effets du courant sur l'homme et les animaux domestiques - Partie 1: Aspects généraux
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: IEC/TS 60479-1
ICS:
13.200 3UHSUHþHYDQMHQHVUHþLQ Accident and disaster control
NDWDVWURI
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

Edition 4.0 2005-07
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION
TECHNIQUE
BASIC SAFETY PUBLICATION
PUBLICATION FONDAMENTALE DE SÉCURITÉ
Effects of current on human beings and livestock –
Part 1: General aspects
Effets du courant sur l'homme et les animaux domestiques –
Partie 1: Aspects généraux
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
XA
CODE PRIX
ICS 13.200; 29.020 ISBN 2-8318-8096-3

– 2 – TS 60479-1 © IEC:2005
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.6
INTRODUCTION.9

1 Scope.11
2 Normative references .12
3 Terms and definitions .12
3.1 General definitions .12
3.2 Effects of sinusoidal alternating current in the range 15 Hz to 100 Hz .13
3.3 Effects of direct current .14
4 Electrical impedance of the human body.14
4.1 Internal impedance of the human body (Z ) .14
i
4.2 Impedance of the skin (Z ).15
s
4.3 Total impedance of the human body (Z ) .15
T
4.4 Factors affecting initial resistance of the human body (R ) .15
O
4.5 Values of the total impedance of the human body (Z ).15
T
4.6 Value of the initial resistance of the human body (R ) .23
O
5 Effects of sinusoidal alternating current in the range of 15 Hz to 100 Hz.23
5.1 Threshold of perception.23
5.2 Threshold of reaction.23
5.3 Immobilization .23
5.4 Threshold of let-go .23
5.5 Threshold of ventricular fibrillation.24
5.6 Other effects related to electric shocks.24
5.7 Effects of current on the skin.25
5.8 Description of time/current zones (see Figure 20).26
5.9 Application of heart-current factor (F) .26
6 Effects of direct current .27
6.1 Threshold of perception and threshold of reaction .27
6.2 Threshold of immobilization and threshold of let-go .27
6.3 Threshold of ventricular fibrillation.27
6.4 Other effects of current .28
6.5 Description of time/current zones (see Figure 22).29
6.6 Heart factor .29

Annexes .48
Annex A (normative) Measurements of the total body impedances Z made on living
T
human beings and on corpses and the statistical analysis of the results .49
Annex B (normative) Influence of frequency on the total body impedance (Z ) .52
T
Annex C (normative) Total body resistance (R ) for direct current .53
T
Annex D (informative) Examples of calculations of Z .54
T
Bibliography.58

TS 60479-1 © IEC:2005 – 3 –
Figure 1 – Impedances of the human body.29
Figure 2 – Internal partial impedances Z of the human body .30
ip
Figure 3 – Simplified schematic diagram for the internal impedances of the human body.31
Figure 4 – Total body impedances Z (50 %) for a current path hand to hand, for large
T
surface areas of contact in dry, water-wet and saltwater-wet conditions for a percentile
rank of 50 % of the population for touch voltages U = 25 V to 700 V, a.c. 50/60 Hz.32
T
Figure 5 – Dependence of the total impedance Z of one living person on the surface
T
area of contact in dry condition and at touch voltage (50 Hz) .
Figure 6 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z on the touch voltage U for a
T T
current path from the tips of the right to the left forefinger compared with large surface
areas of contact from the right to the left hand in dry conditions measured on one living
person, touch voltage range U = 25 V to 200 V, a.c. 50 Hz, duration of current flow
T
max. 25 ms .34
th
Figure 7 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z for the 50 percentile rank of
T
a population of living human beings for large, medium and small surface areas of
2 2 2
contact (order of magnitude 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm and 100 mm respectively) in dry
conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V a.c. 50/60 Hz.35
T
th
Figure 8 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z for the 50 percentile rank of
T
a population of living human beings for large, medium and small surface areas of
2 2 2
contact (order of magnitude 10 000 mm 1 000 mm and 100 mm respectively) in
water-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V, a.c. 50/60 Hz.36
T
th
Figure 9 – Dependence of the total body impedance Z for the 50 percentile rank of
T
a population of living human beings for large, medium and small surface areas of
2 2 2
contact (order of magnitude 10 000 mm , 1 000 mm and 100 mm respectively) in
saltwater-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V, a.c. 50/60 Hz .37
T
Figure 10 – Values for the total body impedance Z measured on 10 living human
T
beings with a current path hand to hand and large surface areas of contact in dry
conditions at a touch voltage of 10 V and frequencies from 25 Hz to 20 kHz .38
Figure 11 – Values for the total body impedance Z measured on one living human
T
being with a current path hand to hand and large surface areas of contact in dry
conditions at a touch voltage of 25 V and frequencies from 25 Hz to 2 kHz.38
Figure 12 – Frequency dependence of the total body impedance Z of a population for
T
a percentile rank of 50 % for touch voltages from 10 V to 1 000 V and a frequency
range from 50 Hz to 2 kHz for a current path hand to hand or hand to foot, large
surface areas of contact in dry conditions .39
Figure 13 – Statistical value of total body impedances Z and body resistances R for a
T T
percentile rank of 50 % of a population of living human beings for the current path
hand to hand, large surface areas of contact, dry conditions, for touch voltages up to
700 V, for a.c. 50/60 Hz and d.c.40
Figure 14 – Dependence of the alteration of human skin condition on current density i
T
and duration of current flow (for detailed description of zones, see 5.7) .41
Figure 15 – Electrodes used for the measurement of the dependence of the
impedance of the human body Z on the surface area of contact .42
T
– 4 – TS 60479-1 © IEC:2005
Figure 16 – Oscillograms of touch voltages U and touch currents I for a.c., current
T T
path hand to hand, large surface areas of contact in dry conditions taken from
measurements .43
Figure 17 – Occurrence of the vulnerable period of ventricles during the cardiac cycle .44
Figure 18 – Triggering of ventricular fibrillation in the vulnerable period – Effects on
electro-cardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure .44
Figure 19 – Fibrillation data for dogs, pigs and sheep from experiments and for
persons calculated from statistics of electrical accidents with transversal direction of
current flow hand to hand and touch voltages U = 220 V and 380 V a.c. with body
T
impedances Z (5 %) .45
T
Figure 20 – Conventional time/current zones of effects of a.c. currents (15 Hz to
100 Hz) on persons for a current path corresponding to left hand to feet (for
explanation see Table 11).46
Figure 21 – Oscillogram of touch voltages U and touch current I for d.c., current path
T T
hand to hand, large surface areas of contact in dry conditions .46
Figure 22 – Conventional time/current zones of effects of d.c. currents on persons for
a longitudinal upward current path (for explanation see Table 13).47
Figure 23 – Let-go currents for 60 Hz sinusoidal current .47

Table 1 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand a.c. 50/60 Hz, for
T
large surface areas of contact in dry conditions .16
Table 2 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand a.c. 50/60 Hz, for
T
large surface areas of contact in water-wet conditions .17
Table 3 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand a.c. 50/60 Hz, for
T
large surface areas of contact in saltwater-wet conditions.18
Table 4 –Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand for medium
T
surface areas of contact in dry conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V a.c.
T
50/60 Hz (values rounded to 25 Ω) .19
Table 5 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand for medium
T
surface areas of contact in water-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V
T
a.c. 50/60 Hz (values rounded to 25 Ω).20
Table 6 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand for medium
T
surface areas of contact in saltwater-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to
T
200 V a.c. 50/60 Hz (values rounded to 5 Ω).20
Table 7 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand for small surface
T
areas of contact in dry conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V a.c. 50/60 Hz
T
(values rounded to 25 Ω) .20
Table 8 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand for small surface
T
areas of contact in water-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V a.c.
T
50/60 Hz (values rounded to 25 Ω) .21

TS 60479-1 © IEC:2005 – 5 –
Table 9 – Total body impedances Z for a current path hand to hand for small surface
T
areas of contact in saltwater-wet conditions at touch voltages U = 25 V to 200 V a.c.
T
50/60 Hz (values rounded to 5 Ω) .21
Table 10 – Total body resistances R for a current path hand to hand, d.c., for large
T
surface areas of contact in dry conditions .22
Table 11 – Time/current zones for a.c. 15 Hz to 100 Hz for hand to feet pathway :
Summary of zones of Figure 20 .26
Table 12 –
...