EN 60076-1:2011
(Main)Power transformers - Part 1: General
Power transformers - Part 1: General
IEC 60076-1:2011 applies to three-phase and single-phase power transformers (including auto-transformers) with the exception of certain categories of small and special transformers. For those categories of power transformers and reactors which have their own IEC standards, this part is applicable only to the extent in which it is specifically called up by cross-reference in the other standard. This new edition includes the following significant technical additions with respect to the previous one: - definition of harmonic content; - subclause on transport; - functional method of specification; - connection symbols for single phase transformers; - safety and environmental requirements; - requirements for liquid preservation systems; - clause on DC currents; - vacuum, pressure and leak tests on tanks; - facilities for condition monitoring and environmental and safety considerations.
Leistungstransformatoren - Teil 1: Allgemeines
Transformateurs de puissance - Partie 1: Généralités
La CEI 60076-1:2011 s'applique aux transformateurs triphasés et monophasés (y compris les autotransformateurs), à l'exception de certaines catégories de petits transformateurs et de transformateurs spéciaux. Pour les catégories de transformateurs de puissance et de bobines d'inductance qui disposent de leur propre norme CEI, la présente partie est applicable uniquement dans la mesure où il y est fait explicitement référence dans l'autre norme. Cette nouvelle édition contient les ajouts techniques significatifs suivants par rapport à l'édition précédente: - définition du contenu harmonique; - paragraphe relatif au transport; - méthode fonctionnelle de spécification; - symboles de connexion pour les transformateurs monophasés; - exigences de sécurité et d'environnement; - exigences pour les systèmes de conservation du liquide; - article relatif aux courants continus; - essais de tenue au vide, à la pression et d'étanchéité des cuves; - prédispositions à l'installation de système de surveillance d'état en continu et de considérations d'environnement et de sécurité.
Močnostni transformatorji - 1. del: Splošno
Ta del IEC 60076 velja za trifazne in enofazne elektroenergetske transformatorje (vključno z avtotransformatorji), razen nekaterih kategorij majhnih in posebnih transformatorjev, kot so:
– enofazni transformatorji z nazivno močjo pod 1 kVA in trifazni transformatorji pod 5 kVA;
– transformatorji brez navitij z nazivno napetostjo nad 1000 V;
– merilni transformatorji;
– vlečni transformatorji, nameščeni na železniških vozilih;
– zagonski transformatorji;
– preskusni transformatorji;
– varilni transformatorji;
– transformatorji, odporni proti eksplozijam, in rudarski transformatorji;
– transformatorji za uporabo v globoki vodi (potopljeni).
Če za te kategorije transformatorjev (predvsem za transformatorje brez navitij, ki presegajo 1000 V, za industrijsko uporabo) standardi IEC ne obstajajo, se v celoti ali delno še vedno lahko uporabi ta del IEC 60076.
Ta standard ne obravnava zahtev, s katerimi bi transformator postal primeren za namestitev na položaj, dosegljiv splošni javnosti.
Za kategorije elektroenergetskih transformatorjev in reaktorjev, ki imajo lastne standarde IEC, ta del velja samo do obsega, ki je konkretno naveden z navzkrižnim sklicevanjem v drugem standardu. Taki standardi obstajajo za:
– reaktorje na splošno (IEC 60076-6);
– suhe transformatorje (IEC 60076-11);
– samozaščitne transformatorje (IEC 60076-13);
– s plinom napolnjene elektroenergetske transformatorje (IEC 60076-15);
– transformatorje za uporabo pri vetrnih turbinah (IEC 60076-16);
– vlečne transformatorje in vlečne reaktorje (IEC 60310);
– konvertorske transformatorje za industrijsko uporabo (IEC 61378-1);
– konvertorske transformatorje za visokonapetostno (HVDC) enosmerno uporabo (IEC 61378-2).
Na več mestih v tem delu je določeno ali priporočeno, da je treba doseči »dogovor« o alternativnih ali dodatnih tehničnih rešitvah ali postopkih. Tak dogovor se sklene med proizvajalcem in kupcem. Najbolje je, da se o teh zadevah dogovori v zgodnji fazi in se dogovor vključi v pogodbeno specifikacijo.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2012
0RþQRVWQLWUDQVIRUPDWRUMLGHO 6SORãQR
Power transformers - Part 1: General
Leistungstransformatoren - Teil 1: Allgemeines
Transformateurs de puissance - Partie 1: Généralités
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 60076-1:2011
ICS:
29.180 Transformatorji. Dušilke Transformers. Reactors
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 60076-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2011
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 29.180 Supersedes EN 60076-1:1997 + A1:2000 + A12:2002
English version
Power transformers -
Part 1: General
(IEC 60076-1:2011)
Transformateurs de puissance - Leistungstransformatoren -
Partie 1: Généralités Teil 1: Allgemeines
(CEI 60076-1:2011) (IEC 60076-1:2011)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2011-05-25. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
© 2011 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 60076-1:2011 E
Foreword
The text of document 14/675/FDIS, future edition 2 of IEC 60076-1, prepared by IEC TC 14, Power
transformers, was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and was approved by CENELEC as
EN 60076-1 on 2011-05-25.
This European Standard supersedes EN 60076-1:1997 + A1:2000 + A12:2002.
– addition of a definition of harmonic content;
– addition of a subclause on transport;
– addition of functional method of specification;
– addition of connection symbols for single phase transformers;
– addition of safety and environmental requirements;
– addition of requirements for liquid preservation systems;
– addition of a clause on DC currents;
– addition of vacuum, pressure and leak tests on tanks;
– the requirements formerly in Annex A are now incorporated in the text and Annex A is now an
informative checklist;
– informative annexes have been added on facilities for condition monitoring and environmental and
safety considerations.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
(dop) 2012-05-04
national standard or by endorsement
– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
(dow) 2014-05-25
with the EN have to be withdrawn
Annex ZA has been added by CENELEC.
__________
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 60076-1:2011 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
- 3 - EN 60076-1:2011
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards indicated:
IEC 60060 series NOTE Harmonized in EN 60060 series (not modified).
IEC 60068-3-3 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60068-3-3.
IEC 60076-4 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60076-4.
IEC 60076-6 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60076-6.
IEC 60076-13 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60076-13.
IEC 60270 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60270.
IEC 60310 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60310.
IEC 60529:1989 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60529:1991 (not modified).
IEC 61378 series NOTE Harmonized in EN 61378 series (not modified).
IEC 61378-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61378-1.
IEC 61378-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61378-2.
__________
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE When an international publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant EN/HD
applies.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60076-2 - Power transformers - EN 60076-2 -
Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed
transformers
IEC 60076-3 2000 Power transformers - EN 60076-3 2001
Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and
external clearances in air
IEC 60076-5 2006 Power transformers - EN 60076-5 2006
Part 5: Ability to withstand short circuit
IEC 60076-10 2001 Power transformers - EN 60076-10 2001
Part 10: Determination of sound levels
IEC 60076-11 2004 Power transformers - EN 60076-11 2004
Part 11: Dry-type transformers
IEC 60137 2008 Insulated bushings for alternating voltages EN 60137 2008
above 1 000 V
IEC 60214-1 2003 Tap-changers - EN 60214-1 2003
Part 1: Performance requirements and test
methods
IEC 60296 2003 Fluids for electrotechnical applications - EN 60296 2004
Unused mineral insulating oils for + corr. September 2004
transformers and switchgear
IEC 60721-3-4 1995 Classification of environmental conditions - EN 60721-3-4 1995
Part 3: Classification of groups of
environmental parameters
and their severities -
Section 4: Stationary use at non-
weatherprotected locations
ISO 9001 2008 Quality management systems - EN ISO 9001 2008
Requirements
IEC 60076-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2011-04
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Power transformers –
Part 1: General
Transformateurs de puissance –
Partie 1: Généralités
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX XB
ICS 29.180 ISBN 978-2-88912-438-1
– 2 – 60076-1 IEC:2011
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
3.1 General . 8
3.2 Terminals and neutral point . 9
3.3 Windings . 10
3.4 Rating . 11
3.5 Tappings . 13
3.6 Losses and no-load current . 15
3.7 Short-circuit impedance and voltage drop . 16
3.8 Temperature rise . 17
3.9 Insulation . 17
3.10 Connections . 17
3.11 Test classification . 18
3.12 Meteorological data with respect to cooling . 19
3.13 Other definitions . 19
4 Service conditions . 20
4.1 General . 20
4.2 Normal service conditions . 20
5 Rating and general requirements . 22
5.1 Rated power . 22
5.1.1 General . 22
5.1.2 Preferred values of rated power . 22
5.1.3 Minimum power under alternative cooling modes . 22
5.1.4 Loading beyond rated power . 23
5.2 Cooling mode . 23
5.3 Load rejection on transformers directly connected to a generator . 23
5.4 Rated voltage and rated frequency . 23
5.4.1 Rated voltage . 23
5.4.2 Rated frequency . 23
5.4.3 Operation at higher than rated voltage and/or at other than rated
frequency . 24
5.5 Provision for unusual service conditions . 24
5.6 Highest voltage for equipment U and dielectric tests levels . 25
m
5.7 Additional information required for enquiry . 25
5.7.1 Transformer classification . 25
5.7.2 Winding connection and number of phases . 25
5.7.3 Sound level . 26
5.7.4 Transport . 26
5.8 Components and materials . 26
6 Requirements for transformers having a tapped winding . 27
6.1 General – Notation of tapping range . 27
6.2 Tapping voltage – tapping current. Standard categories of tapping voltage
variation. Maximum voltage tapping. 27
6.3 Tapping power. Full-power tappings – reduced-power tappings . 30
60076-1 IEC:2011 – 3 –
6.4 Specification of tappings in enquiry and order . 31
6.4.1 General . 31
6.4.2 Constructional specification . 31
6.4.3 Functional specification . 32
6.5 Specification of short-circuit impedance . 32
6.6 Load loss and temperature rise . 33
7 Connection phase displacement symbols . 34
7.1 Connection and phase displacement symbols for three-phase transformers
and for single phase transformers connected in a three phase bank . 34
7.1.1 Connection symbol . 34
7.1.2 Phase displacement in clock number notation. 34
7.1.3 Windings not intended to be loaded . 35
7.1.4 Reconnectable windings . 35
7.1.5 Examples . 35
7.2 Connection and phase displacement symbols for single phase transformers
not in three phase bank . 37
7.2.1 Connection symbol . 37
7.2.2 Phase displacement in clock number notation. 38
7.2.3 Windings not intended to be loaded . 38
7.2.4 Reconnectable windings . 38
8 Rating plates . 39
8.1 General . 39
8.2 Information to be given in all cases . 39
8.3 Additional information to be given when applicable . 40
9 Safety, environmental and other requirements . 41
9.1 Safety and environmental requirements . 41
9.1.1 Liquid leaks . 41
9.1.2 Safety considerations . 41
9.2 Dimensioning of neutral connection . 42
9.3 Liquid preservation system . 42
9.4 DC currents in neutral circuits . 43
9.5 Centre of gravity marking . 43
10 Tolerances . 43
11 Tests . 44
11.1 General requirements for routine, type and special tests . 44
11.1.1 General . 44
11.1.2 Routine tests . 46
11.1.3 Type tests . 46
11.1.4 Special tests . 47
11.2 Measurement of winding resistance . 47
11.2.1 General . 47
11.2.2 Dry-type transformers . 47
11.2.3 Liquid-immersed type transformers . 48
11.3 Measurement of voltage ratio and check of phase displacement . 48
11.4 Measurement of short-circuit impedance and load loss . 48
11.5 Measurement of no-load loss and current . 49
11.6 Measurement of zero-sequence impedance(s) on three-phase transformers . 50
11.7 Tests on on-load tap-changers ─ Operation test . 51
– 4 – 60076-1 IEC:2011
11.8 Leak testing with pressure for liquid immersed transformers (tightness test) . 51
11.9 Vacuum deflection test for liquid immersed transformers . 51
11.10 Pressure deflection test for liquid immersed transformers . 52
11.11 Vacuum tightness test on site for liquid immersed transformers . 53
11.12 Check of core and frame insulation . 53
12 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) . 53
13 High frequency switching transients . 54
Annex A (informative) Check list of information to be provided with enquiry and order . 55
Annex B (informative) Examples of specifications for transformers with tappings . 59
Annex C (informative) Specification of short-circuit impedance by boundaries . 63
Annex D (informative) Examples of three-phase transformer connections . 64
Annex E (normative) Temperature correction of load loss . 67
Annex F (informative) Facilities for future fitting of condition monitoring systems to
transformers . 68
Annex G (informative) Environmental and safety considerations . 69
Bibliography . 70
Figure 1 – Different types of voltage variation . 30
Figure 2 – Illustration of 'clock number' notation . 35
Figure 3 – Illustration of 'clock number' notation for transformers with open windings . 37
Figure 4 – Illustration of 'clock number' notation . 39
Figure C.1 – Example of specification of short-circuit impedance by boundaries . 63
Figure D.1 – Common connections . 64
Figure D.2 – Additional connections . 65
Figure D.3 – Designation of connections of three-phase auto-transformers by
connection symbols (auto-transformer Ya0) . 66
Figure D.4 – Example of three single-phase transformers connected to form a three-
phase bank (connection symbol Yd5) . 66
Table 1 – Tolerances . 44
Table B.1 – Example of combined voltage variation . 60
Table B.2 – Example of functional specification with HV voltage variation . 61
Table B.3 – Example of functional specification with LV voltage variation . 62
Table F.1 – Facilities for condition monitoring . 68
60076-1 IEC:2011 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
___________
POWER TRANSFORMERS –
Part 1: General
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60076-1 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 14: Power
transformers.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition published in 1993, and its
Amendment 1(1999). It is a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
– addition of a definition of harmonic content;
– addition of a subclause on transport;
– addition of functional method of specification;
– addition of connection symbols for single phase transformers;
– addition of safety and environmental requirements;
– addition of requirements for liquid preservation systems;
– 6 – 60076-1 IEC:2011
– addition of a clause on DC currents;
– addition of vacuum, pressure and leak tests on tanks;
– the requirements formerly in Annex A are now incorporated in the text and Annex A is
now an informative checklist;
– informative annexes have been added on facilities for condition monitoring and
environmental and safety considerations.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
14/675/FDIS 14/682/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts of the IEC 60076 series can be found, under the general title Power
transformers, on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
60076-1 IEC:2011 – 7 –
POWER TRANSFORMERS –
Part 1: General
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60076 applies to three-phase and single-phase power transformers (including
auto-transformers) with the exception of certain categories of small and special transformers
such as:
– single-phase transformers with rated power less than 1 kVA and three-phase transformers
less than 5 kVA;
– transformers, which have no windings with rated voltage higher than 1 000 V;
– instrument transformers;
– traction transformers mounted on rolling stock;
– starting transformers;
– testing transformers;
– welding transformers;
– explosion-proof and mining transformers;
– transformers for deep water (submerged) applications.
When IEC standards do not exist for such categories of transformers (in particular transformer
having no winding exceeding 1000 V for industrial applications), this part of IEC 60076 may
still be applicable either as a whole or in part.
This standard does not address the requirements that would make a transformer suitable for
mounting in a position accessible to the general public.
For those categories of power transformers and reactors which have their own IEC standards,
this part is applicable only to the extent in which it is specifically called up by cross-reference
in the other standard. Such standards exist for:
– reactors in general (IEC 60076-6);
– dry-type transformers (IEC 60076-11);
– self-protected transformers (IEC 60076-13);
– gas-filled power transformers (IEC 60076-15);
– transformers for wind turbine applications (IEC 60076-16);
– traction transformers and traction reactors (IEC 60310);
– converter transformers for industrial applications (IEC 61378-1);
– converter transformers for HVDC applications (IEC 61378-2).
At several places in this part it is specified or recommended that an 'agreement' should be
reached concerning alternative or additional technical solutions or procedures. Such
agreement is made between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The matters should
preferably be raised at an early stage and the agreements included in the contract
specification.
– 8 – 60076-1 IEC:2011
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60076-2, Power transformers – Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformers
IEC 60076-3:2000, Power transformers – Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external
clearances in air
IEC 60076-5:2006, Power transformers – Part 5: Ability to withstand short circuit
IEC 60076-10:2001, Power transformers – Part 10: Determination of sound levels
IEC 60076-11:2004, Power transformers – Part 11: Dry-type transformers
IEC 60137:2008, Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1 000 V
IEC 60214-1:2003, Tap-changers – Part 1: Performance requirements and test methods
IEC 60296:2003, Fluids for electrotechnical applications – Unused mineral insulating oils for
transformers and switchgear
IEC 60721-3-4:1995, Classification of environmental conditions – Part 3: Classification of
groups of environmental parameters and their severities – Section 4: Stationary use at non-
weatherprotected locations
ISO 9001:2008, Quality management systems – Requirements
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE Other terms use the meanings ascribed to them in the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV).
3.1 General
3.1.1
power transformer
a static piece of apparatus with two or more windings which, by electromagnetic induction,
transforms a system of alternating voltage and current into another system of voltage and
current usually of different values and at the same frequency for the purpose of transmitting
electrical power
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-01, modified]
3.1.2
auto-transformer
a transformer in which at least two windings have a common part
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-11]
NOTE Where there is a need to express that a transformer is not auto-connected, use is made of terms such as
separate winding transformer, or double-wound transformer (see IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-13).
60076-1 IEC:2011 – 9 –
3.1.3
series transformer
a transformer, other than an autotransformer, of which one winding is intended to be
connected in series with a circuit in order to alter its voltage and/or shift its phase. The other
winding is an energizing winding
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-12, modified]
NOTE Series transformers were called booster transformers in earlier editions of this standard.
3.1.4
liquid-immersed type transformer
a transformer in which the magnetic circuit and windings are immersed in liquid
3.1.5
dry-type transformer
a transformer in which the magnetic circuit and windings are not immersed in an insulating
liquid
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-16]
3.1.6
liquid preservation system
system in a liquid-filled transformer by which the thermal expansion of the liquid is
accommodated.
NOTE Contact between the liquid and external air may sometimes be diminished or prevented.
3.1.7
specified value
the value specified by the purchaser at the time of order
3.1.8
design value
the expected value given by the number of turns in the design in the case of turns ratio or
calculated from the design in the case of impedance, no-load current or other parameters
3.1.9
highest voltage for equipment U applicable to a transformer winding
m
the highest r.m.s. phase-to-phase voltage in a three-phase system for which a transformer
winding is designed in respect of its insulation
3.2 Terminals and neutral point
3.2.1
terminal
a conducting element intended for connecting a winding to external conductors
3.2.2
line terminal
a terminal intended for connection to a line conductor of a network
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-02-01]
3.2.3
neutral terminal
a) for three-phase transformers and three-phase banks of single-phase transformers:
the terminal or terminals connected to the common point (the neutral point) of a star-
connected or zigzag connected winding
– 10 – 60076-1 IEC:2011
b) for single-phase transformers:
the terminal intended for connection to a neutral point of a network
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-02-02, modified]
3.2.4
neutral point
the point of a symmetrical system of voltages which is normally at zero potential
3.2.5
corresponding terminals
terminals of different windings of a transformer, marked with the same letter or corresponding
symbol
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-02-03]
3.3 Windings
3.3.1
winding
the assembly of turns forming an electrical circuit associated with one of the voltages
assigned to the transformer
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-01, modified]
NOTE For a three-phase transformer, the 'winding' is the combination of the phase windings (see 3.3.3).
3.3.2
tapped winding
a winding in which the effective number of turns can be changed in steps
3.3.3
phase winding
the assembly of turns forming one phase of a three-phase winding
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-02, modified]
NOTE The term 'phase winding' should not be used for identifying the assembly of all coils on a specific leg.
3.3.4
high-voltage winding
HV winding*
the winding having the highest rated voltage
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-03]
3.3.5
low-voltage winding
LV winding*
the winding having the lowest rated voltage
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-04]
___________
*
The winding which receives active power from the supply source in service is referred to as a 'primary winding',
and that which delivers active power to a load as a 'secondary winding'. These terms have no significance as to
which of the windings has the higher rated voltage and should not be used except in the context of direction of
active power flow (see IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-06 and 07). A further winding in the transformer, usually
with lower value of rated power than the secondary winding, is then often referred to as 'tertiary winding', see
also definition 3.3.8.
60076-1 IEC:2011 – 11 –
NOTE For a series transformer, the winding having the lower rated voltage may be that having the higher
insulation level.
3.3.6
intermediate-voltage winding*
a winding of a multi-winding transformer having a rated voltage intermediate between the
highest and lowest winding rated voltages
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-05]
3.3.7
auxiliary winding
a winding intended only for a small load compared with the rated power of the transformer
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-08]
3.3.8
stabilizing winding
a supplementary delta-connected winding provided in a star-star-connected or star-zigzag-
connected transformer to decrease its zero-sequence impedance, see 3.7.3
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-09, modified]
NOTE A winding is referred to as a stabilizing winding only if it is not intended for three-phase connection to an
external circuit.
3.3.9
common winding
the common part of the windings of an auto-transformer
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-10]
3.3.10
series winding
the part of the winding of an auto-transformer or the winding of a series transformer which is
intended to be connected in series with a circuit
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-11, modified]
3.3.11
energizing winding (of a series transformer)
the winding of a series transformer which is intended to supply power to the series winding
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-12, modified]
3.3.12
auto-connected windings
the series and common windings of an auto-transformer
3.4 Rating
3.4.1
rating
those numerical values assigned to the quantities which define the operation of the trans-
former in the conditions specified in this part of IEC 60076 and on which the manufacturer's
guarantees and the tests are based
3.4.2
rated quantities
quantities (voltage, current, etc.), the numerical values of which define the rating
– 12 – 60076-1 IEC:2011
NOTE 1 For transformers having tappings, rated quantities are related to the principal tapping (see 3.5.2), unless
otherwise specified. Corresponding quantities with analogous meaning, related to other specific tappings, are
called tapping quantities (see 3.5.9).
NOTE 2 Voltages and currents are always expressed by their r.m.s. values, unless otherwise specified.
3.4.3
rated voltage of a winding
U
r
the voltage assigned to be applied, or developed at no-load, between the terminals of an
untapped winding, or of a tapped winding connected on the principal tapping (see 3.5.2), for a
three-phase winding it is the voltage between line terminals
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-04-01, modified]
NOTE 1 The rated voltages of all windings appear simultaneously at no-load when the voltage applied to one of
them has its rated value.
NOTE 2 For single-phase transformers intended to be connected in star to form a three-phase bank or to be
connected between the line and the neutral of a three phase system, the rated voltage is indicated as the phase-to-
phase voltage, divided by 3 for example 400 3 kV.
NOTE 3 For single phase transformers intended to be connected between phases of a network, the rated voltage
is indicated as the phase-to-phase voltage.
NOTE 4 For the series winding of a three-phase series transformer, which is designed as an open winding (see
3.10.5), the rated voltage is indicated as if the windings were connected in star.
3.4.4
rated voltage ratio
the ratio of the rated voltage of a winding to the rated voltage of another winding associated
with a lower or equal rated voltage
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-04-02, modified]
3.4.5
rated frequency
f
r
the frequency at which the transformer is designed to operate
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-04-03, modified]
3.4.6
rated power
S
r
conventional value of apparent power assigned to a winding which, together with the rated
voltage of the winding, determines its rated current
NOTE Both windings of a two-winding transformer have the same rated power which by definition is the rated
power of the whole transformer.
3.4.7
rated current
I
r
the current flowing through a line terminal of a winding which is derived from rated power S
r
and rated voltage U for the winding
r
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-04-05, modified]
NOTE 1 For a three-phase winding the rated current I is given by:
r
S
r
I =
r
3 × U
r
60076-1 IEC:2011 – 13 –
NOTE 2 For single-phase transformer windings intended to be connected in delta to form a three-phase bank, the
rated current is indicated as line current divided by 3 ,
I
line
I =
r
NOTE 3 For a single phase transformer not intended to be connected to form a three phase bank, the rated
current is
S
r
I =
r
U
r
NOTE 4 For open windings (see 3.10.5) of a transformer, the rated current of the open windings is the rated
power divided by the number of phases and by the rated voltage of the open winding:
S
r
I =
r
No. of phases × U
r
3.5 Tappings
3.5.1
tapping
in a transformer having a tapped winding, a specific connection of that winding, representing
a definite effective number of turns in the tapped winding and, consequently, a definite turns
ratio between this winding and any other winding with a fixed number of turns
NOTE One of the tappings is the principal tapping, and other tappings are described in relation to the principal
tapping by their respective tapping factors. See definitions of these terms below.
3.5.2
principal tapping
the tapping to which the rated quantities are related
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-02]
3.5.3
tapping factor (corresponding to a given tapping)
the ratio:
U U
d d
(tapping factor) or 100 (tapping factor expressed as a percentage)
U U
r r
where
U is the rated voltage of the winding (see 3.4.3);
r
U is the voltage which would be developed at no-load at the terminals of the winding, at
d
the tapping concerned, by applying rated voltage to an untapped winding
NOTE For series transformers, the tapping factor is the ratio of the voltage of the series winding corresponding to
a given tapping to U .
r
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-03, modified]
3.5.4
plus tapping
a tapping whose tapping factor is higher than 1
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-04]
– 14 – 60076-1 IEC:2011
3.5.5
minus tapping
a tapping whose tapping factor is lower than 1
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-05]
3.5.6
tapping step
the difference between the tapping factors, expressed as a percentage, of two adjacent
tappings
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-06]
3.5.7
tapping range
the variation range of the tapping factor, expressed as a percentage, compared with the value
'100'
NOTE If this factor ranges from 100 + a to 100 – b, the tapping range is said to be: +a %, –b % or ±a %, if a = b.
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-07]
3.5.8
tapping voltage ratio (of a pair of windings)
the ratio which is equal to the rated voltage ratio:
– multiplied by the tapping factor of the tapped winding if this is the high-voltage winding;
– divided by the tapping factor of the tapped winding if this is the low-voltage winding
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-08]
NOTE While the rated voltage ratio is, by definition, at least equal to 1, the tapping voltage ratio can be lower
than 1 for certain tappings when the rated voltage ratio is close to 1.
3.5.9
tapping quantities
those quantities the numerical values of which define the duty of a particular tapping (other
than the principal tapping)
NOTE Tapping quantities exist for any winding in the transformer, not only for the tapped winding (see 6.2
and 6.3).
The tapping quantities are:
– tapping voltage (analogous to rated voltage, 3.4.3);
– tapping power (analogous to rated power, 3.4.6);
– tapping current (analogous to rated current, 3.4.7).
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-10, modified]
3.5.10
full-power tapping
a tapping whose tapping power is equal to the rated power
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-14]
3.5.11
reduced-power tapping
a tapping whose tapping power is lower than the rated power
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-05-15]
60076-1 IEC:2011 – 15 –
3.5.12
on-load tap-changer
OLTC
a device for changing the tapping connections of a winding, suitable for operation while the
transformer is energized or on load
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-11-01]
3.5.13
de-energized tap-changer
...
ba
SLOVENSKI SIST EN 60076-1
STANDARD januar 2012
Močnostni transformatorji – 1. del: Splošno
Power transformers – Part 1: General
Leistungstransformatoren – Teil 1: Allgemeines
Transformateurs de puissance – Partie 1: Généralités
Referenčna oznaka
ICS 29.180 SIST EN 60076-1:2012 (sl)
Nadaljevanje na straneh II in III ter od 1 do 72
© 2020-12: Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno.
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST EN 60076-1 (sl), Močnostni transformatorji – 1. del: Splošno, 2012, ima status
slovenskega standarda in je istoveten evropskemu standardu EN 60076-1 (en), Power transformers –
Part 1: General, 2011.
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Evropski standard EN 60076-1:2011 je pripravil tehnični odbor Evropske organizacije za standardizacijo
na področju elektrotehnike CENELEC CLC/TC 14, Power transformers. Evropski standard je istoveten
mednarodnemu standardu IEC 60076-1:2011, ki ga je pripravil tehnični odbor Mednarodne organizacije
za standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike IEC IEC/TC 14, Power transformers.
Slovenski standard SIST EN 60076-1:2012 je prevod evropskega standarda EN 60076-1:2011. V
primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je odločilen izvirni evropski
standard v angleškem jeziku. Slovensko izdajo standarda je pripravil tehnični odbor SIST/TC ETR,
Energetski transformatorji.
Odločitev za privzem tega standarda po metodi ponatisa je v januarju 2012 sprejel tehnični odbor
SIST/TC ETR. Novembra 2018 je odbor sklenil, da se pripravi prevod standarda.
ZVEZE S STANDARDI
SIST EN 60076-2 Močnostni transformatorji – 2. del: Segretek transformatorjev,
potopljenih v tekočino
SIST EN 60076-3:2002 Močnostni transformatorji – 3. del: Izolacijski nivoji, dielektrični preskusi
in zunanje zračne razdalje
SIST EN 60076-5:2006 Močnostni transformatorji – 5. del: Kratkostična zmogljivost
(IEC 60076-5:2006)
SIST EN 60076-10:2002 Močnostni transformatorji – 10. del: Ugotavljanje ravni zvoka
SIST EN 60076-11:2005 Močnostni transformatorji – 11. del: Suhi transformatorji
(IEC 60076-11:2004)
SIST EN 60137:2008 Izolirani skoznjiki za izmenične napetosti nad 1000 V (IEC 60137:2008)
SIST EN 60214-1:2004 Odcepni preklopniki – 1. del: Tehnične zahteve in preskusne metode
SIST EN 60296:2005 Tekočine za elektrotehniko – Nerabljena mineralna izolacijska olja za
transformatorje in omrežne stikalne naprave (IEC 60296:2003)
SIST EN 60721-3-4:2001 Klasifikacija okoljskih pogojev – 3. del: Klasifikacija skupin okoljskih
parametrov in njihove resnosti – Poglavje 4: Stacionarna uporaba na
lokacijah, ki niso zaščitene pred vremenskimi vplivi
SIST EN ISO 9001:2008 Sistemi vodenja kakovosti – Zahteve (ISO 9001:2008)
OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– privzem standarda EN 60076-1:2011
PREDHODNA IZDAJA
– SIST EN 60076-1:1997
II
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
OPOMBE
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “evropski standard”, v SIST EN 60076-1:2012
to pomeni “slovenski standard”.
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.
– Ta nacionalni dokument je istoveten EN 60076-1:2011 in je objavljen z dovoljenjem
Upravni center
CEN/CENELEC
Avenue Marnix 17
B-1000 Bruselj
This national document is identical with EN 60076-1:2011 and is published with the permission of
CEN/CENELEC
Management Centre
Avenue Marnix 17
B-1000 Brussels
III
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
IV
EVROPSKI STANDARD EN 60076-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
november 2011
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 29.180 Nadomešča EN 60076-1:1997 + A1:2000 + A12:2002
Slovenska izdaja
Močnostni transformatorji – 1. del: Splošno
(IEC 60076-1:2011)
Power transformers – Transformateurs de puissance – Leistungstransformatoren –
Part 1: General Partie 1: Généralités Teil 1: Allgemeines
(IEC 60076-1:2011) (CEI 60076-1:2011) (IEC 60076-1:2011)
Ta evropski standard je CENELEC sprejel 25. maja 2011. Člani CENELEC morajo izpolnjevati
predpise CEN/CENELEC, ki določajo pogoje, pod katerimi dobi ta evropski standard status
nacionalnega standarda brez kakršnihkoli sprememb.
Najnovejši seznami teh nacionalnih standardov in njihovi bibliografski podatki se na zahtevo lahko
dobijo pri Upravnem centru CEN/CENELEC ali kateremkoli članu CENELEC.
Ta evropski standard obstaja v treh uradnih izdajah (angleški, francoski in nemški). Izdaje v drugih
jezikih, ki jih člani CENELEC na lastno odgovornost prevedejo in izdajo ter prijavijo pri Upravnem
centru CEN/CENELEC, veljajo kot uradne izdaje.
Člani CENELEC so nacionalni elektrotehniški komiteji Avstrije, Belgije, Bolgarije, Cipra, Češke
republike, Danske, Estonije, Finske, Francije, Grčije, Hrvaške, Islandije, Irske, Italije, Latvije, Litve,
Luksemburga, Madžarske, Malte, Nemčije, Nizozemske, Norveške, Poljske, Portugalske, Romunije,
Slovaške, Slovenije, Španije, Švedske, Švice in Združenega kraljestva.
CENELEC
Evropski komite za standardizacijo v elektrotehniki
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Comité
Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
Upravni center: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2011 CENELEC Lastnice avtorskih pravic so vse države članice CENELEC. Ref. oznaka EN 60076-1:2011E
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
Predgovor k evropskemu standardu
Besedilo dokumenta 14/675/FDIS, prihodnje 2. izdaje IEC 60076-1, ki ga je pripravil tehnični odbor
IEC/TC 14, Močnostni transformatorji, je bilo predloženo IEC-CENELEC v vzporedno glasovanje in ga
je CENELEC 25. maja 2011 odobril kot EN 60076-1.
Ta evropski standard nadomešča EN 60076-1:1997 + A1:2000 + A12:2002.
V primerjavi z EN 60076-1:1997 standard EN 60076-1:2011 vsebuje naslednje pomembne tehnične
spremembe:
– dodana je definicija o vsebnosti harmonikov;
– dodana je točka o transportu;
– dodana je funkcionalna specifikacija;
– dodane so oznake vezave za enofazne transformatorje;
– dodane so varnostne in okoljske zahteve;
– dodane so zahteve za sisteme za ohranjanje tekočin;
– dodana je točka o enosmernih tokih;
– dodani so vakuumski in tlačni preskusi ter preskusi tesnjenja na kotlu;
– zahteve iz dodatka A so sedaj vključene v besedilo; dodatek A je sedaj informativni kontrolni
seznam;
– informativni dodatki so dodani za opremo za nadzor stanja ter za obravnavanje okoljskih in
varnostnih vidikov.
Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko kateri od elementov tega mednarodnega standarda predmet
patentnih pravic. CEN in CENELEC nista odgovorna za identifikacijo nobene od teh patentnih pravic.
Določena sta bila naslednja datuma:
– zadnji datum, do katerega mora EN dobiti status
nacionalnega standarda, bodisi z objavo
istovetnega besedila ali z razglasitvijo (dop) 4. maj 2012
– zadnji datum, do katerega je treba razveljaviti
nacionalne standarde, ki so v nasprotju z EN (dow) 25. maj 2014
Dodatek ZA je dodal CENELEC.
Razglasitvena objava
Besedilo mednarodnega standarda IEC 60076-1:2011 je CENELEC odobril kot evropski standard brez
kakršnihkoli sprememb.
V uradni izdaji je treba v poglavju "Literatura" za navedene standarde dodati naslednje opombe:
IEC 60060 (skupina) OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot skupina EN 60060 (brez sprememb).
IEC 60068-3-3 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 60068-3-3.
IEC 60076-4 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 60076-4.
IEC 60076-6 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 60076-6.
IEC 60076-13 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 60076-13.
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
IEC 60270 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 60270.
IEC 60310 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 60310.
IEC 60529:1989 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 60529:1991 (brez sprememb).
IEC 61378 (skupina) OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot skupina EN 61378 (brez sprememb).
IEC 61378-1 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 61378-1.
IEC 61378-2 OPOMBA: Harmoniziran kot EN 61378-2.
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
Dodatek ZA
(normativni)
Normativna sklicevanja na mednarodne publikacije z njihovimi ustreznimi
evropskimi publikacijami
Za uporabo tega standarda so nujno potrebni spodaj navedeni dokumenti. Pri datiranih sklicevanjih se
uporablja samo navedena izdaja. Pri nedatiranih sklicevanjih se uporablja najnovejša izdaja
navedenega dokumenta (vključno z vsemi dopolnili).
OPOMBA: Kadar je bila mednarodna publikacija spremenjena s skupnimi spremembami, označenimi z (mod), se uporablja
ustrezni EN/HD.
Publikacija Leto Naslov EN/HD Leto
IEC 60076-2 – Močnostni transformatorji – EN 60076-2 –
2. del: Segretek transformatorjev,
potopljenih v tekočino
IEC 60076-3 2000 Močnostni transformatorji – EN 60076-3 2001
3. del: Izolacijski nivoji, dielektrični
preskusi in zunanje zračne razdalje
IEC 60076-5 2006 Močnostni transformatorji – EN 60076-5 2006
5. del: Kratkostična zmogljivost
IEC 60076-10 2001 Močnostni transformatorji – EN 60076-10 2001
10. del: Ugotavljanje ravni zvoka
IEC 60076-11 2004 Močnostni transformatorji – EN 60076-11 2004
11. del: Suhi transformatorji
IEC 60137 2008 Izolirani skoznjiki za izmenične EN 60137 2008
napetosti nad 1000 V
IEC 60214-1 2003 Odcepni preklopniki – EN 60214-1 2003
1. del: Tehnične zahteve in
preskusne metode
IEC 60296 2003 Tekočine za elektrotehniko – EN 60296 2004
Nerabljena mineralna izolacijska olja + kor. september 2004
za transformatorje in omrežne
stikalne naprave
IEC 60721-3-4 1995 Klasifikacija okoljskih pogojev – EN 60721-3-4 1995
3. del: Klasifikacija skupin okoljskih
parametrov in njihove resnosti –
Poglavje 4: Stacionarna uporaba na
lokacijah, ki niso zaščitene pred
vremenskimi vplivi
ISO 9001 2008 Sistemi vodenja kakovosti – Zahteve EN ISO 9001 2008
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor k evropskemu standardu . 2
Dodatek ZA . 4
Predgovor . 9
1 Področje uporabe . 11
2 Zveze s standardi . 11
3 Izrazi in definicije . 12
3.1 Splošno . 12
3.2 Priključki in nevtralna točka . 13
3.3 Navitja . 14
3.4 Naznačeni podatki . 15
3.5 Odcepi . 17
3.6 Izgube in tok prostega teka . 19
3.7 Kratkostična impedanca in padec napetosti . 19
3.8 Segretek . 20
3.9 Izolacija . 20
3.10 Vezave . 21
3.11 Razvrstitev preskusov . 22
3.12 Meteorološki podatki v zvezi s hlajenjem . 22
3.13 Druge definicije . 22
4 Obratovalni pogoji . 23
4.1 Splošno . 23
4.2 Normalni obratovalni pogoji . 23
5 Naznačeni podatki in splošne zahteve . 25
5.1 Naznačena moč . 25
5.1.1 Splošno . 25
5.1.2 Priporočene vrednosti naznačene moči . 26
5.1.3 Najmanjša moč pri alternativnih načinih hlajenja . 26
5.1.4 Obremenjevanje nad naznačeno močjo . 26
5.2 Način hlajenja . 26
5.3 Izpad bremena na generatorskih transformatorjih . 26
5.4 Naznačena napetost in naznačena frekvenca . 27
5.4.1 Naznačena napetost . 27
5.4.2 Naznačena frekvenca . 27
5.4.3 Obratovanje pri napetosti, višji od naznačene napetosti, in/ali frekvenci, ki ni
naznačena frekvenca . 27
5.5 Določila za neobičajne obratovalne pogoje . 27
5.6 Najvišja napetost opreme Um in stopnje dielektričnih preskusov . 28
5.7 Dodatne informacije, potrebne za povpraševanje . 28
5.7.1 Razvrščanje transformatorjev . 28
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
5.7.2 Vezava navitij in število faz . 28
5.7.3 Raven zvoka . 29
5.7.4 Prevoz . 29
5.8 Sestavni deli in materiali . 30
6 Zahteve za transformatorje z odcepnim navitjem . 30
6.1 Splošno – Zapis odcepnega območja . 30
6.2 Odcepna napetost – Odcepni tok. Standardne skupine spreminjanja odcepne napetosti.
Odcep najvišje napetosti . 30
6.3 Odcepna moč. Odcepi polne moči – Odcepi zmanjšane moči . 33
6.4 Specifikacija odcepov v povpraševanju in naročilu . 34
6.4.1 Splošno . 34
6.4.2 Konstrukcijska specifikacija . 34
6.4.3 Funkcionalna specifikacija . 34
6.5 Specifikacija kratkostične impedance . 35
6.6 Kratkostične izgube in segretek . 36
7 Oznake vezav in faznega premika . 36
7.1 Oznake vezav in faznega premika trifaznih transformatorjev in enofaznih transformatorjev
v trifazni skupini . 36
7.1.1 Oznaka vezave . 36
7.1.2 Zapis faznega premika s fazno številko . 37
7.1.3 Navitja, ki niso namenjena obremenjevanju . 37
7.1.4 Prevezljiva navitja . 37
7.1.5 Primeri . 37
7.2 Oznake vezav in faznega premika enofaznih transformatorjev, ki niso v trifazni skupini . 40
7.2.1 Oznaka vezave . 40
7.2.2 Zapis faznega premika s fazno številko . 40
7.2.3 Navitja, ki niso namenjena obremenjevanju . 40
7.2.4 Prevezljiva navitja . 40
8 Napisna ploščica . 41
8.1 Splošno . 41
8.2 Podatki, ki morajo biti vedno navedeni . 41
8.3 Dodatni podatki, ki se navedejo po potrebi . 42
9 Varnostne, okoljske in druge zahteve . 43
9.1 Varnostne in okoljske zahteve . 43
9.1.1 Puščanje tekočin . 43
9.1.2 Varnostni vidiki . 44
9.2 Dimenzioniranje nevtralnega priključka . 44
9.3 Sistem za ohranjanje tekočin . 44
9.4 Enosmerni tokovi v nevtralnih tokokrogih . 45
9.5 Označevanje težišča . 45
10 Tolerance . 45
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
11 Preskusi . 47
11.1 Splošne zahteve za kosovne preskuse, preskuse tipa in posebne preskuse . 47
11.1.1 Splošno . 47
11.1.2 Kosovni preskusi . 48
11.1.3 Preskusi tipa . 49
11.1.4 Posebni preskusi . 49
11.2 Meritev upornosti navitij . 50
11.2.1 Splošno . 50
11.2.2 Suhi transformatorji . 50
11.2.3 Tekočinski transformatorji . 50
11.3 Meritev napetostnega prestavnega razmerja in preverjanje faznega premika . 50
11.4 Meritev kratkostične impedance in kratkostičnih izgub . 50
11.5 Meritev izgub in toka prostega teka . 51
11.6 Meritev ničelne(-ih) impedance(-) trifaznih transformatorjev . 52
11.7 Preskusi bremenskih odcepnih preklopnikov – Obratovalni preskus . 53
11.8 Tlačni preskus puščanja tekočinskih transformatorjev (preskus tesnosti) . 53
11.9 Vakuumski deformacijski preskus tekočinskih transformatorjev . 53
11.10 Tlačni deformacijski preskus tekočinskih transformatorjev . 54
11.11 Vakuumski preskus tesnosti tekočinskih transformatorjev na kraju samem . 55
11.12 Preverjanje izolacije jedra in zateznega okvirja jedra . 55
12 Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) . 55
13 Visokofrekvenčni stikalni prehodni pojavi . 55
Dodatek A (informativni): Kontrolni seznam informacij, ki jih je treba zagotoviti v
povpraševanju in naročilu . 56
Dodatek B (informativni): Primeri specifikacij za transformatorje z odcepi . 60
Dodatek C (informativni): Določanje kratkostične impedance z mejnimi vrednostmi . 64
Dodatek D (informativni): Primeri vezav trifaznih transformatorjev . 65
Dodatek E (informativni): Temperaturna korekcija kratkostičnih izgub . 68
Dodatek F (informativni): Oprema za naknadno vgradnjo sistema za nadzor stanja
transformatorjev . 69
Dodatek G (informativni): Okoljski in varnostni vidiki . 70
Literatura . 71
Slika 1: Različni tipi spremembe napetosti . 33
Slika 2: Ponazoritev zapisa “fazne številke” . 38
Slika 3: Ponazoritev zapisa “fazne številke” transformatorjev z odprtimi navitji . 39
Slika 4: Prikaz zapisa “fazne številke” . 41
Slika C.1: Primer določanja kratkostične impedance z mejnimi vrednostmi . 64
Slika D.1: Splošne vezave . 65
Slika D.2: Dodatne vezave . 66
Slika D.3: Označevanje vezav trifaznih avtotransformatorjev z oznakami vezave
(avtotransformator Ya0) . 67
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
Slika D.4: Primer treh enofaznih transformatorjev, povezanih v trifazno skupino
(oznaka vezave Yd5) . 67
Preglednica 1: Tolerance . 46
Preglednica B.1: Primer kombinirane spremembe napetosti . 61
Preglednica B.2: Primer funkcionalne specifikacije pri spremembi napetosti na VN strani . 62
Preglednica B.3: Primer funkcionalne specifikacije pri spremembi napetosti na NN strani . 63
Preglednica F.1: Oprema za nadzor stanja . 69
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
MEDNARODNA ELEKTROTEHNIŠKA KOMISIJA
MOČNOSTNI TRANSFORMATORJI –
1. del: Splošno
Predgovor
1) Mednarodna elektrotehniška komisija (IEC) je svetovna organizacija za standardizacijo, ki združuje vse
nacionalne elektrotehniške komiteje (nacionalni komiteji IEC). Cilj IEC je pospeševati mednarodno
sodelovanje v vseh vprašanjih standardizacije s področja elektrotehnike in elektronike. V ta namen poleg
drugih aktivnosti izdaja mednarodne standarde, tehnične specifikacije, tehnična poročila, javno dostopne
specifikacije (PAS) in vodila (v nadaljevanju: publikacije IEC). Za njihovo pripravo so odgovorni tehnični odbori;
vsak nacionalni komite IEC, ki ga zanima obravnavana tema, lahko sodeluje v tem pripravljalnem delu. Prav
tako lahko v pripravi sodelujejo mednarodne organizacije ter vladne in nevladne ustanove, ki so povezane z
IEC. IEC sodeluje v tesni povezavi z mednarodno organizacijo za standardizacijo ISO skladno s pogoji,
določenimi v soglasju med obema organizacijama.
2) Uradne odločitve ali sporazumi IEC o tehničnih vprašanjih, pripravljeni v tehničnih odborih, kjer so prisotni vsi
nacionalni komiteji, ki jih ta tema zanima, izražajo, kolikor je mogoče, mednarodno soglasje o obravnavani
temi.
3) Publikacije IEC imajo obliko priporočil za mednarodno uporabo in jih kot takšne sprejmejo nacionalni komiteji
IEC. Čeprav IEC skuša na vse primerne načine zagotavljati natančnost tehničnih vsebin v publikacijah IEC,
IEC ne more biti odgovoren za način, kako se določila uporabljajo, ter za morebitne napačne razlage končnih
uporabnikov.
4) Da bi se pospeševalo mednarodno poenotenje, so nacionalni komiteji IEC v svojih nacionalnih in regionalnih
standardih dolžni čim pregledneje uporabljati mednarodne standarde. Vsako odstopanje med standardom IEC
in ustreznim nacionalnim ali regionalnim standardom je treba v slednjem jasno označiti.
5) IEC sam ne izvaja potrjevanja skladnosti. Storitve ugotavljanja skladnosti in na nekaterih območjih tudi dostop
do znakov skladnosti IEC izvajajo neodvisni certifikacijski organi. IEC ne prevzema nikakršne odgovornosti za
storitve, ki jih izvajajo neodvisni certifikacijski organi.
6) Vsi uporabniki naj bi si zagotovili zadnjo izdajo teh publikacij.
7) IEC ali njegovi direktorji, zaposleni, uslužbenci ali agenti, vključno s samostojnimi strokovnjaki ter člani
tehničnih odborov in nacionalnih komitejev IEC, ne prevzemajo nobene odgovornosti za kakršnokoli osebno
škodo, škodo na premoženju ali katerokoli drugo škodo kakršnekoli vrste, bodisi posredne ali neposredne, ali
za stroške (vključno z zakonitim lastništvom) in izdatke, povezane s publikacijo, njeno uporabo ali zanašanjem
na to publikacijo IEC ali katerokoli drugo publikacijo IEC.
8) Pozornost je treba nameniti normativnim virom, na katere se ta publikacija sklicuje. Uporaba navedenih
publikacij je nujna za pravilno uporabo te publikacije.
9) Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da bi lahko bili kateri od elementov tega mednarodnega standarda predmet
patentnih pravic. IEC ni odgovoren za identificiranje nobene od teh patentnih pravic.
Mednarodni standard IEC 60076-1 je pripravil tehnični odbor IEC 14: Močnostni transformatorji.
Ta tretja izdaja razveljavlja in nadomešča drugo izdajo, objavljeno leta 1993, ter njeno dopolnilo 1 (1999)
in pomeni tehnično revizijo.
Ta izdaja v primerjavi s prejšnjo vključuje naslednje pomembne tehnične spremembe:
– dodana je definicija o vsebnosti harmonikov;
– dodana je točka o transportu;
– dodana je funkcionalna specifikacija;
– dodane so oznake vezave za enofazne transformatorje;
– dodane so varnostne in okoljske zahteve;
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
– dodane so zahteve za sisteme za ohranjanje tekočin;
– dodana je točka o enosmernih tokih;
– dodani so vakuumski in tlačni preskusi ter preskusi tesnjenja na kotlu;
– zahteve iz dodatka A so sedaj vključene v besedilo; dodatek A je sedaj informativni kontrolni
seznam;
– informativni dodatki so dodani za opremo za nadzor stanja ter za obravnavanje okoljskih in
varnostnih vidikov.
Besedilo tega standarda temelji na naslednjih dokumentih:
FDIS Poročilo o glasovanju
14/675/FDIS 14/682/RVD
Popolne informacije o glasovanju za odobritev tega standarda so podane v poročilu o glasovanju,
navedenem v zgornji preglednici.
Ta publikacija je bila pripravljena v skladu z Direktivami ISO/IEC, 2. del.
Seznam vseh delov v skupini IEC 60076 pod skupnim naslovom Močnostni transformatorji je mogoče
najti na spletni strani IEC.
Odbor je sprejel odločitev, da vsebina te publikacije ostane nespremenjena do datuma, ko bodo znani
rezultati pregleda vzdrževanja standarda, in je naveden na spletni strani IEC "http://webstore.iec.ch" v
podatkih, ki se nanašajo na specifično publikacijo. S tem datumom bo publikacija:
– ponovno potrjena,
– umaknjena,
– nadomeščena z revidirano izdajo ali
– dopolnjena.
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
MOČNOSTNI TRANSFORMATORJI –
1. del: Splošno
1 Področje uporabe
Ta del standarda IEC 60076 obravnava trifazne in enofazne močnostne transformatorje (vključno z
avtotransformatorji), razen nekaterih kategorij manjših in posebnih transformatorjev, kot so:
– enofazni transformatorji naznačenih moči, manjših od 1 kVA, in trifazni transformatorji naznačenih
moči, manjših od 5 kVA;
– transformatorji, ki nimajo navitij za naznačene napetosti, višje od 1000 V;
– merilni transformatorji;
– vlečni transformatorji, pritrjeni na tirna vozila;
– zagonski transformatorji;
– preskusni transformatorji;
– varilni transformatorji;
– eksplozijsko zdržni in rudarski transformatorji;
– transformatorji za uporabo v globoki vodi (potopljeni).
Če standardi IEC ne obstajajo za take kategorije transformatorjev (še posebej za transformatorje, ki se
uporabljajo v industriji in nimajo navitij, katerih napetosti presegajo 1000 V), se ta del standarda
IEC 60076 lahko uporablja v celoti ali delno.
Ta standard ne določa zahtev za vgradnjo transformatorja na mestih, dostopnih širši javnosti.
Za kategorije močnostnih transformatorjev in dušilk, ki imajo svoje standarde IEC, je ta del standarda
uporaben le toliko, kolikor se nanj posebej sklicuje drug standard. Taki standardi obstajajo za:
– dušilke na splošno (IEC 60076-6);
– suhe transformatorje (IEC 60076-11);
– samozaščitne transformatorje (IEC 60076-13);
– s plinom polnjene močnostne transformatorje (IEC 60076-15);
– transformatorje za uporabo pri vetrnih turbinah (IEC 60076-16);
– vlečne transformatorje in vlečne dušilke (IEC 60310);
– pretvorniške transformatorje za uporabo v industriji (IEC 61378-1);
– pretvorniške transformatorje za uporabo na področju visokih enosmernih napetosti (IEC 61378-2).
Na več mestih v tem delu je določeno ali priporočeno, naj se doseže “dogovor” glede posebnih ali
dodatnih tehničnih rešitev ali postopkov. Tak dogovor skleneta proizvajalec in kupec. Zahteve naj se po
možnosti postavijo v začetni fazi, dogovori pa naj se vključijo v določila pogodbe.
2 Zveze s standardi
Za uporabo tega standarda so nujno potrebni naslednji referenčni dokumenti. Pri datiranih sklicevanjih
se uporablja samo navedena izdaja. Pri nedatiranih sklicevanjih velja najnovejša izdaja referenčnega
dokumenta (vključno z dopolnili).
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
IEC 60076-2 Močnostni transformatorji – 2. del: Segretek transformatorjev, potopljenih v
tekočino
IEC 60076-3:2000 Močnostni transformatorji – 3. del: Izolacijski nivoji, dielektrični preskusi in
zunanje zračne razdalje
IEC 60076-5:2006 Močnostni transformatorji – 5. del: Kratkostična zmogljivost
IEC 60076-10:2001 Močnostni transformatorji – 10. del: Opredelitev ravni zvoka
IEC 60076-11:2004 Močnostni transformatorji – 11. del: Suhi transformatorji
IEC 60137:2008 Izolirani skoznjiki za izmenične napetosti nad 1000 V
IEC 60214-1:2003 Odcepni preklopniki – 1. del: Tehnične zahteve in preskusne metode
IEC 60296:2003 Tekočine za elektrotehniko – Nerabljena mineralna izolacijska olja za
transformatorje in omrežne stikalne naprave
IEC 60721-3-4:1995 Klasifikacija okoljskih pogojev – 3. del: Klasifikacija skupin okoljskih
parametrov in njihove resnosti – Poglavje 4: Stacionarna uporaba na
lokacijah, ki niso zaščitene pred vremenskimi vplivi
ISO 9001:2008 Sistemi vodenja kakovosti – Zahteve
3 Izrazi in definicije
V tem dokumentu so uporabljeni naslednji izrazi in definicije.
OPOMBA: Drugi izrazi imajo pomen, kot jim ga pripisuje Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar (IEV).
3.1 Splošno
3.1.1
močnostni transformator
mirujoči del naprave z dvema ali več navitji, ki z elektromagnetno indukcijo pretvarja en sistem
izmenične napetosti in toka v drug sistem napetosti in toka, ki imata navadno drugačne vrednosti in isto
frekvenco, z namenom, da se prenese električna moč
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-01, spremenjen]
3.1.2
avtotransformator
transformator, pri katerem imata vsaj dve navitji skupni del
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-11]
OPOMBA: Če je treba poudariti, da transformator ni vezan kot avtotransformator, se uporabljajo izrazi, kot so: transformator
z ločenimi navitji ali dvojno navit transformator (glej IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-13).
3.1.3
dodajalni transformator
transformator, razen avtotransformatorja, pri katerem je eno navitje namenjeno zaporedni vezavi v
tokokrog, da spremeni njegovo napetost in/ali premakne fazo. Drugo navitje je vzbujalno navitje.
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-12, spremenjen]
OPOMBA: Dodajalni transformatorji so se v prejšnjih izdajah tega standarda imenovali booster transformatorji.
3.1.4
tekočinski transformator
transformator, katerega magnetni krog in navitja so potopljeni v tekočino
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
3.1.5
suhi transformator
transformator, katerega magnetni krog in navitja niso potopljeni v izolacijsko tekočino
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-01-16]
3.1.6
sistem za ohranjanje tekočin
sistem v tekočinskem transformatorju, ki se prilagaja toplotnemu raztezanju tekočine
OPOMBA: Stik tekočine z zunanjim zrakom je včasih lahko zmanjšan ali onemogočen.
3.1.7
določena vrednost
vrednost, ki jo kupec določi v naročilu
3.1.8
načrtovana vrednost
v primeru prestavnega razmerja pričakovana vrednost, podana s številom ovojev v načrtu ali, v primeru
impedance, izračunana vrednost toka prostega teka ali drugih parametrov iz načrta
3.1.9
najvišja napetost opreme U , primerna za navitje transformatorja
m
najvišja efektivna medfazna napetost trifaznega sistema, za katero je glede na stopnjo izolacije
načrtovano navitje transformatorja
3.2 Priključki in nevtralna točka
3.2.1
priključek
prevodni element, namenjen povezavi navitja in zunanjih vodnikov
3.2.2
linijski priključek
priključek, namenjen priključitvi omrežnega linijskega vodnika
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-02-01]
3.2.3
nevtralni priključek (zvezdišče)
a) za trifazne transformatorje in trifazne skupine enofaznih transformatorjev:
priključek ali priključki, priključen(-i) na skupno točko (nevtralna točka) navitij, vezanih v vezavi
zvezda ali cikcak;
b) za enofazne transformatorje:
priključek, namenjen povezavi z nevtralno točko omrežja.
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-02-02, spremenjen]
3.2.4
nevtralna točka
točka simetričnega sistema napetosti, ki je običajno na potencialu nič
3.2.5
istoimenski priključki
priključki različnih navitij transformatorja, ki so označeni z isto črko ali pripadajočim simbolom
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-02-03]
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
3.3 Navitja
3.3.1
navitje
skupek ovojev, ki tvorijo električni tokokrog, povezan z eno od transformatorjevih napetosti
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-01, spremenjen]
OPOMBA: Pri trifaznem transformatorju pomeni “navitje” kombinacijo faznih navitij (glej 3.3.3).
3.3.2
odcepno navitje
navitje, pri katerem se efektivno število ovojev lahko spreminja po korakih
3.3.3
fazno navitje
skupek ovojev, ki tvorijo eno fazo trifaznega navitja
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-02, spremenjen]
OPOMBA: Izraz “fazno navitje” naj se ne uporablja za označevanje sestava vseh tuljav v določeni veji.
3.3.4
visokonapetostno navitje
*
VN navitje
navitje z najvišjo naznačeno napetostjo
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-03]
3.3.5
nizkonapetostno navitje
*
NN navitje
navitje z najnižjo naznačeno napetostjo
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-04]
OPOMBA: Navitje dodajalnega transformatorja z nižjo naznačeno napetostjo ima lahko višjo stopnjo izolacije.
3.3.6
*
srednjenapetostno navitje
navitje večnavitnega transformatorja, katerega naznačena napetost je med najvišjimi in najnižjimi
naznačenimi napetostmi navitij
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-05]
3.3.7
pomožno navitje
navitje, namenjeno samo za manjše obremenitve v primerjavi z naznačeno močjo transformatorja
[IEC 60050:1990, 421-03-08]
*
Za navitje, ki pri obratovanju prejema delovno moč napajalnega vira, se uporablja izraz “primarno navitje”, za
tisto, ki oddaja delovno moč bremenu pa “sekundarno navitje”. Izraza ne določata, katero navitje ima višjo
naznačeno napetost, zato naj se ne uporabljata, razen v povezavi s smerjo pretoka delovne moči (glej IEC 60050-
421:1990, 421-03-06 in -07). Dodatno navitje transformatorja, običajno z nižjo vrednostjo naznačene moči od
sekundarnega navitja, se pogosto imenuje "terciarno navitje". Glej tudi definicijo 3.3.8.
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
3.3.8
izenačevalno navitje
dodatno navitje v trikotni vezavi, ki pri transformatorju z vezavo zvezda-zvezda ali zvezda-cikcak
zmanjšuje ničelno impedanco, glej 3.7.3
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-09, spremenjen]
OPOMBA: Navitje se nanaša na izenačevalno navitje samo, če ni namenjeno za trifazno priključitev na zunanji tokokrog.
3.3.9
skupno navitje
skupni del navitij avtotransformatorja
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-10]
3.3.10
zaporedno navitje
del navitja avtotransformatorja ali navitje dodajalnega transformatorja, namenjen za zaporedno vezavo
v tokokrogu
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-11, spremenjen]
3.3.11
vzbujalno navitje (dodajalnega transformatorja)
navitje dodajalnega transformatorja, namenjeno za dovajanje moči zaporednemu navitju
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-03-12, spremenjen]
3.3.12
avtotransformatorska navitja
zaporedna in skupna navitja avtotransformatorja
3.4 Naznačeni podatki
3.4.1
naznačene vrednosti
številčne vrednosti veličin, ki določajo obratovanje transformatorja v pogojih, navedenih v tem delu IEC
60076, in na katerih temeljijo garancije in preskusi proizvajalca
3.4.2
naznačene veličine
veličine (napetost, tok itd.), številčne vrednosti, ki določajo naznačene vrednosti
OPOMBA 1: Za transformatorje z odcepi se naznačene veličine nanašajo na glavni odcep (glej 3.5.2), razen če ni določeno
drugače. Ustrezne veličine s podobnim pomenom, ki se nanašajo na druge določene odcepe, se imenujejo
odcepne veličine (glej 3.5.9).
OPOMBA 2: Napetosti in toki so vedno izraženi z efektivnimi vrednostmi, razen če ni določeno drugače.
3.4.3
naznačena napetost navitja
U
r
napetost, ki je predvidena, da se priključi ali inducira v prostem teku med priključkoma navitja brez
odcepov ali odcepnega navitja, priključenega na glavni odcep (glej 3.5.2); pri trifaznih transformatorjih
je to napetost med linijskimi (faznimi) priključki
[IEC 60050-421:1990, 421-04-01, spremenjen]
OPOMBA 1: Ko je vrednost pritisnjene napetosti na enem od navitij enaka naznačeni vrednosti, se naznačene napetosti v
prostem teku pojavijo hkrati na vseh navitjih.
SIST EN 60076-1 : 2012
OPOMBA 2: Naznačena napetost enofaznih transformatorjev, ki v zvezdni v
...
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