EN ISO 13196:2026

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2026
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 13196:2015
Kakovost tal - Presejalna analiza tal za izbrane elemente z energijsko-disperzijsko
rentgensko fluorescenčno spektrometrijo z ročnim ali prenosnim instrumentom
(ISO 13196:2026)
Soil quality - Screening soils for selected elements by energy-dispersive X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry using a handheld or portable instrument (ISO 13196:2026)
Bodenbeschaffenheit - Screening ausgewählter Elemente in Böden mit handhaltbaren
oder tragbaren Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometern (ISO 13196:2026)
Qualité du sol - Diagnostic rapide d’une sélection d’éléments dans les sols à l’aide d’un
spectromètre de fluorescence X à dispersion d’énergie de type mobile ou pistolet (ISO
13196:2026)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 13196:2026
ICS:
13.080.10 Kemijske značilnosti tal Chemical characteristics of
soils
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 13196
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
June 2026
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.080.10 Supersedes EN ISO 13196:2015
English Version
Soil quality - Screening soils for selected elements by
energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a
handheld or portable instrument (ISO 13196:2026)
Qualité du sol - Diagnostic rapide d'une sélection Bodenbeschaffenheit - Screening ausgewählter
d'éléments dans les sols à l'aide d'un spectromètre de Elemente in Böden mit handhaltbaren oder tragbaren
fluorescence X à dispersion d'énergie de type mobile Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometern (ISO 13196:2026)
ou pistolet (ISO 13196:2026)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 June 2026.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2026 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 13196:2026 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 13196:2026) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190 "Soil
quality" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 444 “Environmental characterization of
solid matrices” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2026, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 13196:2015.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 13196:2026 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 13196:2026 without any modification.

International
Standard
ISO 13196
Second edition
Soil quality — Screening soils
2026-05
for selected elements by energy-
dispersive X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry using a handheld or
portable instrument
Qualité du sol — Diagnostic rapide d’une sélection d’éléments
dans les sols à l’aide d’un spectromètre de fluorescence X à
dispersion d’énergie de type mobile ou pistolet
Reference number
ISO 13196:2026(en) © ISO 2026
ISO 13196:2026(en)
© ISO 2026
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 13196:2026(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Principle . 4
5 Apparatus . 4
5.1 XRF spectrometer .4
5.2 Container for sampling and preparation .4
5.3 Sampling equipment .5
5.4 Sieve .5
5.5 Sample cup for portable XRF spectrometers .5
5.6 Sample container for handheld XRF spectrometers .5
5.7 Drying device (optional) .5
6 Procedure . 6
6.1 General .6
6.2 Performance check of instrument .6
6.3 Calibration .6
6.4 Preparation in advance of site investigation .7
6.5 In-situ measurement (including strictly in-situ measurement) .7
6.5.1 Secure working area .7
6.5.2 Preparation of the measuring spot .7
6.5.3 Surface or spot measurement .7
6.6 Post-sampling measurement.8
6.6.1 Preparation of samples .8
6.6.2 Sample measurement and calculation .9
7 Specific applications: site-specific performance . 9
8 Quality assurance and control . 10
8.1 General .10
8.2 Performance test .10
8.2.1 XRF spectrometer performance .10
8.2.2 Test certified reference materials .10
8.3 XRF spectrometer energy calibration .11
8.4 Complementary analysis/validation for quantitative results .11
9 Test report .11
Annex A (informative) Conclusion of the interlaboratory trial .13
Annex B (informative) Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF)
measurement usefulness .21
Bibliography .22

iii
ISO 13196:2026(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3, Chemical
and physical characterization, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
Technical Committee CEN/TC 444, Environmental characterization of solid matrices, in accordance with the
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 13196:2013), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the details of measurement options have been made clearer;
— suitable materials for the equipment for sampling and sample preparation are indicated;
— more information is provided for users of this document on requirements for:
— sieve;
— sample cup;
— basic operation of XRF spectrometers;
— safety instructions;
— sample preparation.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
ISO 13196:2026(en)
Introduction
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) using battery or active source-powered handheld or portable
equipment is a quick method for the determination of total elemental compositions of soil samples. Unlike
laboratory analyses by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS), XRF needs no digestion step to prepare a test solution to be analysed.
Consequently, handheld or portable equipment of energy dispersive XRF (ED-XRF) is suitable for the rapid
on-site determination of selected elements, mainly heavy metals, in screening processes. When performing
analyses at a site, it can be important to have information on the presence of an element (qualitative
analysis) and also to obtain results from semi-quantitative analysis. Typical elements that can be detected
and measured are Cr, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb, depending on the instrument (the elements validated for XRF
detection and measurement are listed in Note 3 in Clause 1). In these situations, factory pre-set calibrations
are used. For quantitative results, complementary analysis by alternative means is needed.
An ED-XRF exercise can comprise a single determination at one location, in accordance with the guidance in
this document, several determinations, or a large number of determinations.
Where XRF analysers are being used to assess concentrations of soil contaminants which are harmful
to humans or the environment, or both, there can be applicable national regulations with frameworks of
standards, guidance and codes of practice for such investigations.
This document does not aim to provide a strategy, tactics or methodology for environmental investigations,
or human health assessments of potentially contaminated land or soil, nor does it provide any such strategies
for the assessment of mineral resources.
Adherence to this document does not demonstrate compliance with any national contaminated land
investigation regulations.
v
International Standard ISO 13196:2026(en)
Soil quality — Screening soils for selected elements by
energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a
handheld or portable instrument
WARNING — Soil samples can contain toxic contaminants. Avoid direct contact of soil samples with
exposed parts of the body. Appropriate measures shall be taken to avoid ingestion and inhalation.
Exposure to X-rays can give rise to radiation damage throughout the body as well an increased risk
of cancer. XRF spectrometers are usually required to comply with national regulations. Those using,
managing or supervising the use of such equipment are usually required to be qualified to do so in
accordance with national regulations.
The XRF spectrometer to be used in accordance with this document shall employ a fail-safe
function to prevent the operator and the public from inadvertent exposure to the X-ray beams. XRF
users should engage a radiation protection officer to look at their proposed activity with the XRF
spectrometer and provide informed advice on the safety implications of those proposals.
For in-situ (including strictly in-situ) analysis, a safe working area or controlled area should be
established by signs and barriers, if necessary, in order to ensure bystanders are kept at a safe
distance.
1 Scope
This document specifies the procedure for screening soils for selected elements using handheld or portable
equipment for energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF). It covers the application of this
screening method to obtain qualitative or semi-quantitative data to assist decisions on a sampling strategy
for detailed assessment of soil quality employing laboratory analytical chemical methods.
NOTE 1 Screening methods generally provide qualitative or semi-quantitative concentration values that are
indicative of concentration values, although occasionally they can give quantitative results under specific or limited
conditions.
NOTE 2 The greater the effort applied to the pretreatment of soil samples, the better the analytical results that can
be expected (see e.g. Reference [19]).
This document does not explicitly specify elements for which it is applicable, since the applicability depends
on the performance of the apparatus and the objective of the screening. The elements which can be
determined are limited by the performance of the instrument used, the concentrations of particular elements
present in the soil, and the requirements of the investigation in terms of the minimum concentrations of
concern (e.g. guideline value).
NOTE 3 The XRF measurements of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, V and Zn were validated as described in
Annex A.
NOTE 4 Annex B provides examples of when screening with a handheld ED-XRF spectrometer and a portable ED-
XRF spectrometer can be useful.
This document does not provide guidance on how to use the equipment to provide quantitative data for use
in detailed site assessments. This document does not cover how the results of multiple determinations are
synthesized to address the objectives of an ED-XRF determination.

ISO 13196:2026(en)
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12404, Soil and waste — Guidance on the selection and application of screening methods
IEC 62495, Nuclear instrumentation — Portable X-ray fluorescence analysis equipment utilizing a miniature
X-ray tube
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
X-ray fluorescence spectrometer
XRF spectrometer
spectrometer to observe X-ray fluorescence emitted from elements for analysis
Note 1 to entry: In this document, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF spectrometer) means energy dispersive
X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF spectrometer).
3.2
handheld XRF spectrometer
XRF spectrometer (3.1) which can be used for in-situ analysis (e.g. strictly in-situ measurement (3.11), in-situ
measurement (3.12)) by handheld operation
Note 1 to entry: Handheld XRF spectrometers are applicable to both in-situ measurements (including strictly in-
situ measurements) and measurements with sampling or post-sampling measurements (3.13) where post-sampling
measurement means application of determination methods including XRF to samples which are collected and pre-
treated, if needed, at a site or in a laboratory.
Note 2 to entry: When applying an XRF spectrometer to samples at a spot just after collecting them from the ground
thereat, the operation is still in-situ measurement.
3.3
portable XRF spectrometer
XRF spectrometer for samples taken out of a spot at a site, which can be transported to the site
Note 1 to entry: Portable XRF spectrometers are applicable to in-situ measurements (3.12) and to post-sampling
measurements (3.13).
Note 2 to entry: Handheld XRF spectrometers (3.2) can be used at the bench top. However, the device works for
handheld operation as designated in 3.2.
3.4
fundamental parameter approach
method to obtain element composition through successive approximation of the theoretical X-ray
fluorescence intensities to the measured X-ray fluorescence intensities
Note 1 to entry: The calculation of the theoretical X-ray fluorescence intensities is carried out based on assumed
element composition, theoretical parameters and pre-determined sensitivity coefficients of the XRF spectrometer.

ISO 13196:2026(en)
3.5
screening
application of any analytical semi-quantitative (3.8) method for exploratory analysis
[SOURCE: ISO 12404:2021, 3.1]
3.6
screening method
method which is used (often on site) to quickly explore a given area including target parameter distribution
or to test a set of samples and obtain data on sample characteristics
Note 1 to entry: It is not necessarily directly comparable with reference methods (3.7).
[SOURCE: ISO 12404:2021, 3.2]
3.7
reference method
method which is performed in accordance with national or international standards
[SOURCE: ISO 12404:2021, 3.3]
3.8
semi-quantitative
approximate and comparative rather than absolutely quantitative
3.9
semi-quantitative analysis
data analysis method that provides approximate and comparative measurements rather than absolute
quantification within a single experiment
Note 1 to entry: It combines elements of qualitative and quantitative analysis, allowing for the interpretation
of numerical values that reflect the degree or extent of a particular characteristic within a sample. Unlike fully
quantitative methods, which yield results that can be directly compared across different experiments, semi-
quantitative (3.8) methods provide information that is meaningful primarily within the context of a single experiment
or study.
3.10
qualitative analysis
data analysis method that focuses on detecting or identifying constituent elements without providing
specific concentrations
3.11
strictly in-situ measurement
directly observing the ground surface with a handheld device
3.12
in-situ measurement
observing at the sampling location samples collected from the ground, with a handheld or portable device
3.13
post-sampling measurement
observing, with a handheld or portable device, samples which are collected from the ground and then taken
to another place (e.g. sampling stations or laboratories) after collection
Note 1 to entry: On-site measurement includes strictly in-situ measurements (3.11) and in-situ measurements (3.12) as
well as post-sampling measurement when the measurement is carried out at the site but at a place different from the
sample collection spot after collection (e.g. sampling stations at a site).
Note 2 to entry: As strictly in-situ and in-situ measurements are carried out applying an XRF device to the surface of a
target ground spot and to a sample collected therefrom immediately after collection, they are in other words surface
measurement and spot measurement, respectively.

ISO 13196:2026(en)
3.14
certified reference material
CRM
reference material (RM) characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified
properties, accompanied by an RM certificate that provides the value for the specified property, its
associated uncertainty and a statement of metrological traceability
[SOURCE: ISO 17034:2016, 3.2, modified — Notes 1 to 4 to entry were removed.]
4 Principle
The concentrations of selected elements in soil are determined using a handheld or portable XRF
spectrometer in the field. Element concentrations are measured after sampling and limited pretreatment
(in-situ measurement), or directly in-situ (strictly in-situ measurement).
Whilst use of a handheld or portable ED-XRF spectrometer lends itself to making determinations at ad-
hoc locations based on on-site observations, it should be used in a structured way commensurate with the
intended purpose of the study for which it is being used.
NOTE 1 Guidance on sampling strategies in various contexts is provided in ISO 18400-104, ISO 18400-203 and
ISO 18400-205.
The test locations should be recorded together with background information such as site-observations and
photographs taken as necessary. The use of GPS to accurately record locations can be particularly useful
when test locations are selected on an ad-hoc basis rather than based on a predetermined plan.
The procedure described in this document, to screen soils for selected elements using handheld or portable
ED-XRF devices, gives semi-quantitative results. When desiring to know the relationship between the results
obtained and those from laboratory reference methods, compare them carefully selecting the alternative
laboratory methods bearing in mind their particular performance characteristics (see 8.2.2, Notes 1 and 2)
and recognize that any method (e.g. screening and laboratory reference methods) has errors originating
from its specific sampling and analytical principles (see 7.1 and 8.4).
NOTE 2 Examples of situations when screening with a handheld or portable ED-XRF spectrometer can be useful are
provided in Annex B.
5 Apparatus
5.1 XRF spectrometer
An appropriate battery or active source-powered handheld or portable ED-XRF device. Typical ED-XRF
devices are described in References [20] and [21].
Instruments shall have sufficient energy and depth penetration as well as suitable beam width to work
for use in soil matrices and to achieve suitable detection limits. These details are available from the
manufacturer or supplier.
A security system for the spectrometer shall be installed as designated in IEC 62495 where only the
permitted operators and supervisors of the spectrometer can activate it with a password given by the
supervisors. Automatic X-ray irradiation block mechanisms shall also work when no samples are found by
the spectrometer or human bodies are detected by an IR sensor fitted to the XRF device.
5.2 Container for sampling and preparation
A tray that can accommodate a sufficient amount of soil sample for the XRF measurement.
The tray should be of a suitable material, the wear of which will not introduce into the sample metal grains or
grains of coloured plastics which can contain metallic pigments. When it is decided to crush any aggregates
or to disaggregate lumps of soil, a mortar with a pestle made of a ceramic or other solid inert material such

ISO 13196:2026(en)
as agate or chalcedony should be used. The XRF spectrometer can be used to test trays as well as mortars
and pestles for metals which can interfere with XRF.
5.3 Sampling equipment
Sampling equipment (such as sampling spoons, trowels, picks, spades, or post-hole spades) used to prepare
for sampling (e.g. at in-situ measurement locations) and to take samples should be in good conditions and
shall not contaminate the sample.
Use of stainless steel tools can be appropriate given the tiny amounts of a hard tool that can be introduced
into the soil during sampling. Where the slightest interference from the wear of sampling equipment is
possible, plastic trowels and spoons should be used. When carrying out in-situ tests on machine excavated
exposures, the use of steel digger buckets or bulldozer blades is unavoidable in the absence of plastic buckets
and blades for such machinery.
NOTE 1 Painted or zinc- or chrome-plated tools can introduce flakes of metals or paints with metallic pigments that
can influence sample analysis by XRF which is carried out by on-site and post-sampling measurements.
NOTE 2 Further guidance on the recovery of samples for chemical analysis is given in ISO 18400-102.
5.4 Sieve
A sieve of size 2 mm, for example as described in ISO 3310-1. Clean the sieve between samples.
The procedure described in this document is only validated for material passing a 2 mm sieve. The user may
choose to use a different sieve size (sieves are available with apertures less than, and greater than, 2 mm)
but the results obtained could be different from those obtained when using a 2 mm size sieve.
NOTE Reasons for choosing a smaller sieve size might be to obtain results likely to be more relevant to the
potential for inhalation, ingestion, or contact with contaminated material.
Where the slightest interference from the wear of the sieves is possible, the use of plastic sieves should be
considered. The sieves themselves can be tested with the XRF spectrometer to ensure that any potential
contamination of samples can be assessed properly.
5.5 Sample cup for portable XRF spectrometers
A plastic cup, which is suitable for the XRF spectrometer to be used, having a window at its bottom made of
polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate or graphene. Alternatively, a plastic bag (e.g. clear polyethylene
one) can be used. The concentration of target elements in the cup or plastic bag material should be negligible.
This should be checked by testing stacks of cups or bags using the XRF spectrometer to confirm that only
‘light elements’ are detectable or that no elements are detected.
5.6 Sample container for handheld XRF spectrometers
Plastic containers or bags suitable for simple sample pretreatment and in-situ XRF measurement (for strictly
in-situ measurement, they are not used). The concentration of target elements in the container or bag should
be negligible. This can be confirmed by testing stacks of cups or bags using the XRF spectrometer.
5.7 Drying device (optional)
A portable electric drying oven, hot plate or similar powered by batteries, or a portable generator, or a heater
driven by exothermic chemical reactions, e.g. hydration of calcium oxide.

ISO 13196:2026(en)
6 Procedure
6.1 General
Three measuring ways are available for analysis using XRF spectrometers, namely strictly in-situ, in-situ and
post-sampling measurements (where strictly in-situ and in-situ measurements are on-site measurements).
Note 1 to entry 3.13 explains the meaning of on-site measurement. As Note 2 to entry 3.13 mentions, strictly
in-situ and in-situ measurements can be said to be surface and spot measurements from the viewpoint
of operation characteristics. Handheld and portable XRF spectrometers can be used depending on the
measurement method used. See 6.5 for the procedures for strictly in-situ and in-situ measurements and 6.6
for post-sampling measurement.
Handheld XRF spectrometers can be used for strictly in-situ soil measurements as described in 6.5 or to make
measurements on soil samples extracted from the site, as described in 6.6 (post-sampling measurement),
subjected to appropriate pretreatment (e.g. sieving to obtain particles smaller than 2 mm). Portable XRF
spectrometers can be used for in-situ and post-sampling measurements.
If more highly quantitative results are needed, samples should be homogenized (see EN 15309) and
complementary analysis should be carried out using other quantitative methods, to confirm the performance
of the portable or handheld XRF spectrometer (see 8.4).
The parameters to be determined should be defined before starting calibration and measurements. It should
be checked that the concentrations of each element to be determined, which is thought likely or possibly
to be present, are within the working range of the instrument. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and
perform tests with certified reference materials to calibrate the instrument.
Test duration should be determined by the time taken until error values fall stable for each element. This is
usually displayed by the analyser against each element and falls with time as the XRF test progresses. Once
this value has stopped falling or stabilised, for the element or elements under consideration, the test may be
ended.
The concepts and goals of screening measurement in this document shall be as designated in ISO 12404. For
sampling processes and pretreatment procedures, see e.g. ISO 18400-201 and ISO 11464.
When a portable XRF spectrometer is used, a work station should be established along the lines of the one
described in ISO 18400-301 so that the instrument and personnel have a sheltered working environment.
6.2 Performance check of instrument
Before analysis, follow the instrument manufacturer’s instructions for setup, conditioning, preparation and
maintenance. The performance control of the instrument should be carried out at least once a day to ensure
the stability of the instrument.
XRF occasionally has spectral overlap interferences. To confirm the performance of the instrument and
interference-correction software, the instrument should be tested by using multi-element certified reference
materials having elemental compositions that can be normally found in soil.
6.3 Calibration
Usually, periodical correction of the energy axis can be applied by using a standard function of the
instrument. However, calibration is not necessary since the pre-installed manufacturer’s calibration is
sufficient. If specific calibration is needed, follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
If site-specific calibration graphs are to be used, measurement shall be done under the same operation and
sample conditions that were employed in the calibration. For samples having large or unknown matrix
effects, a fundamental parameter approach (3.4) is recommended.
NOTE Some manufacturers supply instruments with automatic calibration for abscissa, and others those with
user-assisted abscissa calibration.

ISO 13196:2026(en)
6.4 Preparation in advance of site investigation
Certain preparatory actions before visiting the site help ensure that the site visit is fruitful and fulfils the
intended purposes. For example:
— an appropriate preliminary investigation should be carried out (see ISO 18400-201);
— a preliminary conceptual site model (CSM) should be prepared [this need be no more detailed than
required by the task in hand (see ISO 21365)];
— a sampling plan should be prepared (see ISO 18400-101);
— any necessary permissions should be obtained for entry in the premises;
— safety plans should be prepared;
— standard operating procedures should be prepared;
— schedules and maps should be gathered for use in the field;
— required apparatus should be gathered (see Clause 5).
NOTE Helpful guidance which is adaptable for surveys employing handheld and portable XRF devices can be
found in ISO 18400-104, ISO 18400-203 and ISO 18400-205.
6.5 In-situ measurement (including strictly in-situ measurement)
6.5.1 Secure working area
Establish a safe working area or controlled area in accordance with the manufacturer’s information. National
regulations can also apply.
6.5.2 Preparation of the measuring spot
Remove extraneous materials from the targeted spot and smooth the surface with a suitable hand tool or
spoon.
6.5.3 Surface or spot measurement
NOTE 1 On surface or spot measurement, emitting X-ray beams produced by a handheld XRF spectrometer are
directed (i) to a target ground spot or (ii) to a collected and prepared sample. In the latter, operation (ii), a measurement
is made after sample collection, but this is still regarded as in-situ measurement because the measurement is applied
just around a spot to a sample collected from the spot (an original field sample), the measuring spot being prepared
immediately before taking a sample in the same way as with the former approach (i). To clarify, operation (i) is defined
as strictly in-situ measurement while operation (ii) in-situ measurement.
Start up the handheld XRF spectrometer following the manufacturer’s instructions.
Hold and apply the XRF spectrometer to the top layer of the soil targeted which is levelled and prepared as
in 6.5.2 for in-situ measurement, in accordance with the operating instructions of the spectrometer. Use the
targeting camera, if fitted, to ensure a good location arrangement between the nose of the spectrometer and
the soil surface and to ensure that no plants, insects or earthworms are present in the primary X-ray target
area.
If a portable XRF spectrometer is being used, place the soil sample into the sample cell after confirming the
absence of extraneous substances in the sample. In the case of a portable XRF spectrometer, refer to 6.6.
During the measurement, the spectrometer shall never be lifted away from the targeted ground or the
sample being analysed in the cell of the portable XRF spectrometer.
NOTE 2 Although most spectrometers have automatic safety interlocks which stop the X-ray emitter if no X-ray
return is detected, this can take a few seconds to work.

ISO 13196:2026(en)
Carry out the measurement and read the concentration indication of the target elements. The indication is
indicative of the concentration, but it is still qualitative or semi-quantitative if the indicated value or the XRF
screening method is not validated by alternative analysis as described in 8.4.
NOTE 3 When performing measurement of the ground, the surface thereof is measured. When doing measurement
of soil in a cup or bag, the outermost soil layer close to the cup or bag is measured through its material.
NOTE 4 Signal decay with depth is a significant confounding factor in obtaining accurate semi-quantitative results
in soils, particularly for the lighter elements. The selection of the right instrument and understanding its capabilities
are important in obtaining good results and reliably interpreting them.
6.6 Post-sampling measurement
6.6.1 Preparation of samples
If samples in their recovered conditions are not suitable for in-situ measurement using a portable XRF
spectrometer (e.g. requiring homogenisation), they should undergo further preparation as described below.
NOTE 1 Procedures are described in e.g. ISO 18400-201 for pretreatment including preparation of a smaller sample
(essentially a subsample) from the original field sample and for homogenisation in the field.
Take a sufficient mass of soil to ensure that the sample is representative of the sampling location. Where a
large sample is taken, a subsample should be taken to give a representative test portion. Remove extraneous
materials from the sample and crush the aggregates to fine soil particles by pressing them with a spoon in
the sample tray if possible or, for harder stones or clasts, using a mortar with a pestle made of solid inert
materials such as ceramic, agate or chalcedony.
Stones and other particles larger than approximately 2 mm diameter should be removed (e.g. by sieving) to
reduce the sizes of soil aggregate
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