ASTM D34-91(1999)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Chemical Analysis of White Pigments
Standard Guide for Chemical Analysis of White Pigments
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the chemical analysis of white pigments.
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Designation: D 34 – 91 (Reapproved 1999)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Guide for
Chemical Analysis of White Pigments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 34; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 1394 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of White
Titanium Pigments
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the chemical analysis
D 3280 Test Methods for Analysis of White Zinc Pigments
of white pigments.
3. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 This compilation of available ASTM methods for the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
analysis of white pigment serves as a guide to chemists.
C 471M Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Gypsum
and Gypsum Products
4. Test Methods
D 715 Test Methods for Analysis of Barium Sulfate Pig-
3 4.1 Tests shall be conducted in accordance with the follow-
ment
ing ASTM methods. Test procedures not covered by ASTM
D 717 Test Methods for Analysis of Magnesium Silicate
3 methods shall be agreed upon by the purchaser and seller.
Pigment
4.2 Lead Pigments—Test Method D 1301.
D 718 Test Methods for Analysis of Aluminum Silicate
3 4.3 Zinc Pigments—Test Methods D 3280.
Pigment
4.4 Titanium Dioxide Pigments—Test Methods D 1394.
D 719 Test Methods for Analysis of Diatomaceous Silica
3 4.5 Calcium Carbonate Pigments: Whiting, Paris White,
Pigment
...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for determining the amount of metallic zinc in zinc dust pigment, and also in dried films of both inorganic and organic zinc-rich coatings. Test Methods D521 is an appropriate method for analyzing zinc dust, but has shortcomings when applied to samples of cured coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by differential scanning calorimetry of the metallic zinc content of both zinc-dust pigment, and of dried films of zinc-rich coatings. This test method is applicable to both inorganic and organic zinc-rich coatings.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tinting strength is one of the most important properties of a white pigment. This test method provides a means of testing this property for quality control.
4.2 This test method is a referee method, and the vehicle for preparing the dispersion and the black for tinting are suggested, but others may be used provided both the purchaser and the seller agree to the changes.
4.3 The results obtained with a muller do not necessarily agree with industrial situations where different dispersing conditions exist. However, dispersing with a muller is a fast, relatively inexpensive way of testing tinting strength for routine quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of white pigments by reflectance measurements of black tints.
1.2 This test method is applicable only for comparing the test pigment with a reference standard of the same type and grade.
Note 1: Test Method D332 describes a procedure for visual assessment of blue-tinted samples.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows the user to make a determination of the blueness or yellowness of the tint undertone of titanium dioxide pigments, versus a reference pigment agreed upon by the parties to the test. This is an important measure of tone, since it gives both a measure of effective particle size, and quick approximation of the blue/yellow undertone that can be expected when a coating containing the titanium dioxide is tinted.
5.2 Such matters as the vehicle for preparing the dispersions and the mechanical method of preparing the dispersion are left to the user. However, variation in these practices will lead to increased variance in the results, so users ought to fix these parameters, in-so-far as is possible, within any one laboratory. This will lead to reduced uncertainty of the results within that laboratory, and it is seldom that interlaboratory comparisons of this test result is needed.
5.3 Each user must decide whether the loss of accuracy in his measurements due to variation of these parameters is negligibly small for the purpose for which the data are obtained.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the tint undertone (blue or yellow) of titanium dioxide pigments. This relates to the effective particle size of the pigment
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Method A determines the amount of color produced when the pigment is in direct contact with a selected solvent such as toluene. It is useful as a rapid, easily conducted test of the general bleeding characteristics of pigments.
4.2 Test Method B determines the amount of color migration into a white film applied over a base coat containing the pigment. It may give a more practical evaluation of whether a pigment will meet specific requirements for bleed resistance.
4.3 Both Test Method A and Test Method B measure the extent of bleed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the bleeding characteristics of dry pigments by direct solvent extraction of the pigment and by overstriping a film with a white coating and observing for the color migration from the base coat containing the pigment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the pigment commercially known as lampblack, which may be purchased in the dry form or as a paste in oil. The dry pigment shall be made by burning oils or tars. It shall conform to chemical compositions of ash, acetone extract, moisture and other volatile matter, and coarse particles. The paste in oil, on the other hand, shall be made by thoroughly grinding the specified pigment with linseed oil. It shall conform to chemical compositions of pigment, linseed oil, moisture and other volatile matter, and coarse particles and skins. Both forms of the pigment shall also be sampled, and tested appropriately for mass color and character, and tinting strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the pigment commercially known as lampblack. The pigment may be purchased in the dry form or as a paste in oil.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods compile in one place, recommended procedures for analyzing inorganic colored pigments. These pigments are used extensively in paints, and for this reason their compositions are important to the formulators and user.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of yellow, orange, red, and brown pigments containing iron and manganese. The test methods apply specifically to the following pigments: synthetic hydrated yellow iron oxide, yellow ocher, red and brown iron oxides, raw and burnt umber, raw and burnt sienna, and venetian red.
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
ASTM
Method
Refer-
Dry Pigments
Sections
ences
Moisture and Other Volatile Matter
6
D280
Loss on Ignition
7
Coarse Particles
8
D185
Matter Soluble in Water
9
D1208
Organic Coloring Matter
10
Iron Oxide
11 and 12
Calcium Compounds (Reported as CaO)
13 and 14
Sulfates Soluble in Hydrochloric Acid
15 and 16
Lead Chromate (in Ochers)
17
Calcium Carbonate (in Venetian Red)
18
C25
Manganese (in Siennas and Umbers)
19 and 20
Pigment Pastes in Oil
Pigment Content
21
D1208
Moisture and Other Volatile Matter
22
D1208
Nonvolatile Matter in Vehicle
23
Moisture by Distillation
24
D1208
Coarse Particles and Skins
25
D185
Consistency (Stormer)
26
D562
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to us.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous earthy pigment included under the general term “ochre.” The pigment shall be a hydrated oxide of iron permeating a siliceous base and shall be free from added impurities and added coloring matter. The following test methods shall be conducted: chemical analysis of dry pigment; coarse particles; mass color and tinting strength; volatile matter; and moisture. The results of these test methods should conform to the pigment requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous earthy pigment included under the general term “ochre.” The pigment may be purchased in the dry form.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are for analysis designed as an aid in quality of yellow, orange, and green pigments containing lead chromate and chromium oxide green. Some sections may be applicable to analysis of these pigments when extracted from whole paints.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical analysis of yellow, orange, and green pigments containing lead chromate and chromium oxide green.
1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:
Sections
Chrome Yellow, Chrome Orange, and Molybdate Orange
Organic Colors and Lakes
7
Moisture and Other Volatile Matter
8
Matter Soluble in Water
9
Lead Chromate
10 and 11
Total Lead
12
Sulfate
13 and 14
Carbon Dioxide
15
Molybdenum
16 and 17
Extenders
18 – 22
Calculation of Substances Other than Insoluble Lead
Compounds
23 and 24
Pure Chrome Green and Reduced Chrome Green
Organic Colors and Lakes
25
Moisture and Other Volatile Matter
26
Matter Soluble in Water
27
Iron Blue
28
Lead Chromate
29 and 30
Barium Sulfate and Insoluble Siliceous Material
31
Total Lead
32
Sulfate
33
Calcium Oxide Soluble in Acid
34 and 35
Extenders
36
Calculation of Insoluble Lead Compounds
37
Chromium Oxide Green
Organic Colors and Lakes
38
Moisture and Other Volatile Matter
39
Matter Soluble in Water
40
Total Chromium as Chromium Oxide
41
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Note 3.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers bone black, ivory black, or drop black pigment. The pigment may be in dry form or in aqueous dispersion. Dry pigment shall be made by the calcinations of bones, unmixed with any other substance. Dry pigment shall compose of ash, ash insoluble in acids, and coarse particles. Pigment in aqueous dispersion shall be made by grinding the pigment with water, dispersing agent, biocide, fungicide, pH stabilizer, and defoamer. ASTM test methods shall be conducted for coarse particles, pigment and linseed oil in paste in oil, and mass color and tinting strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the pigment commercially known as bone black, ivory black, or drop black. The pigment may be purchased in the dry form or as an aqueous dispersion.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 In production of paints, smoothness of the paint film is of paramount importance. Agglomerates or coarse particles larger than 45 μm are difficult to disperse and may prevent obtaining a smooth film. These test methods are a valuable quality control test for grading raw materials.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of coarse particles in dry pigments.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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